Abstracts
Abstract
New zircon U–Pb, Lu–Hf and trace element laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) data are presented for ten Ediacaran granitoid samples from the New England Avalon terrane, and from possibly exotic blocks of southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island, USA. Crystallization ages of the analyzed samples are ca. 611–577 Ma, with nine samples between ca. 611 Ma and ca. 588 Ma. These overlap with previously published ca. 620–589 Ma ages of granitoid rocks and ca. 597–584 Ma ages of volcanic complexes in the northern part of the terrane, where volcanism occurred immediately after plutonism. A granite that cuts sedimentary and volcanic rocks with a previously determined maximum depositional age of ca. 613 Ma in southern Rhode Island yielded a zircon chemical abrasion isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-TIMS) date of 609.30 ± 0.22 Ma. Volcanism therefore occurred between ca. 613 Ma and ca. 609 Ma, and ca. 10 myr prior to that in the northern part of the New England Avalon terrane. This area may be part of the previously interpreted exotic Newport Block.
Zircon εHf(t) values of all samples are -2.8–6.0, with ca. 1.23–0.96 Ga TDM1 Hf model ages. These values are also consistent with published εHf(t) values between -3.1 and 5.9 of nine published plutonic and volcanic rocks. Zircon trace element geochemistry data show mostly mixed continental arc and oceanic island signatures. The Eu/Eu* values are mostly 0.1–0.7, suggesting ~30–80 km crustal thicknesses. The exception is a sample southeast of the Nauset magnetic anomaly on the southeastern tip of Massachusetts, which has the highest zircon ∑REE values, mostly Nb/Hf >0.001, generally low Eu/Eu* values, and high εHf(t) values, all suggestive of a within-plate/anorogenic/rift setting. The new data provide a valuable reference data set, guiding future studies on the New England Avalon terrane and/or adjacent exotic blocks and on similar crustal domains elsewhere.
Résumé
De nouvelles datations de zircons par U–Pb, Lu–Hf et oligoéléments obtenues par la spectrométrie de masse à plasma induit par couplage inductif par ablation au laser (LA-ICP-MS) sont présentées pour dix échantillons de granitoïdes de l’Édiacarien du terrane avalionien de la Nouvelle-Angleterre et de blocs potentiellement exotiques du sud-est du Massachusetts et du Rhode Island aux États-Unis. Les âges de cristallisation des échantillons analysés sont d’environ 611 à 577 Ma; pour neuf d’entre eux, les âges se situent aux alentours de 611 Ma et 588 Ma. Ces données recoupent les âges précédemment publiés pour les roches granitoïdes, soit environ 620 à 589 Ma, et pour les complexes volcaniques de la partie nord du terrane, soit environ 597 à 584 Ma, où le volcanisme s’est produit immédiatement après le plutonisme. Un granite qui coupe les roches sédimentaires et volcaniques dont l’âge maximal de sédimentation a été précédemment établi à environ 613 Ma dans le sud du Rhode Island a accusé un âge de 609,30 ± 0.22 Ma par abrasion chimique – spectrométrie de masse à ionisation thermique (CA-TIMS) et dilution isotopique – spectrométrie de masse à ionisation thermique (DI-TIMS) de zircons. Par conséquent, le volcanisme s’est produit aux alentours de 613 Ma et 609 Ma et environ 10 Ma plus tôt dans la partie nord du terrane avalonien de la Nouvelle-Angleterre. Ce secteur peut faire partie du bloc de Newport qualifié d’exotique lors d’une interprétation antérieure.
Les valeurs de εHf(t) des zircons de tous les échantillons vont de -2,8 à 6,0 et les âges du modèle (TDM1 Hf) vont de 1,23 à 0,96 Ga environ. Ces valeurs correspondent également aux valeurs εHf(t) publiées, soit entre -3,1 et 5,9, des neuf roches volcaniques et plutoniques. La géochimie des oligoéléments des zircons révèle généralement des signatures mixtes d’îles océaniques et d’arcs continentaux. Les concentrations d’Eu/Eu* se situent en grande partie entre 0,1 et 0,7, ce qui suggère des épaisseurs crustales d’environ 30 à 80 km. Un échantillon prélevé au sud-est de l’anomalie magnétique de Nauset sur la pointe sud-est du Massachusetts fait exception. Il affiche les valeurs ∑REE de zircons les plus élevées, principalement un Nb/Hf > 0,001, de faibles concentrations d’Eu/Eu* en général et des valeurs εHf(t) élevées, données qui suggèrent toutes un milieu intraplaque/anorogénique/de rift. Les nouvelles datations fournissent un ensemble de données de référence précieuses pour orienter de futures recherches sur le terrane avalonien de la Nouvelle-Angleterre ou les blocs exotiques adjacents et d’autres domaines crustaux similaires.
Appendices
Bibliography
- Amelin, Y., Lee, D.-C., Halliday, A.N., and Pidgeon, R.T. 1999. Nature of the earth’s earliest crust from hafnium isotopes in single detrital zircons. Nature, 399, pp. 252–255. https://doi.org/10.1038/20426
- Attenoukon, M.B. 2009. Ages and origins of metamorphic fabrics and the tectonics of southeastern New England. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA, 298 p.
- Bailey, R.H., Skehan, J.W., Dreier, R.B., and Webster, M.J. 1989. Olistostromes of the Avalonian terrane of southeastern New England. In Mélanges and olistostromes of the U.S. Appalachians. Edited by J.W. Horton Jr. and N. Rast. Geological Society, Special Paper 228, pp. 93–112. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE228-p93
- Barr, S.M., Bevier, M.L., White, C.E., and Doig, R. 1994. Magmatic history in the Avalon terrane of southern New Brunswick based on U–Pb (zircon) geochronology. The Journal of Geology, 102, pp. 399–409. https://doi.org/10.1086/629682
- Belousova, E., Griffin, W., O'Reilly, S.Y., and Fisher, N. 2002. Igneous zircon: trace element composition as an indicator of source rock type. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 143, pp. 602–622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-002-0364-7
- Bevier, M.L. and Barr, S.M. 1990. U–Pb age constraints on the stratigraphy and tectonic history of the Avalon terrane, New Brunswick, Canada. The Journal of Geology, 98, pp. 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1086/629374
- Bevier, M.L., Barr, S.M., White, C.E., and Macdonald, A.S. 1993. U–Pb geochronological constraints on the volcanic evolution of the Mira (Avalon) terrane, southeastern Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, pp. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1139/e93-001
- Bikramaditya, R.K., Singh, A.K., Chung, S.-L., Sharma, R., and Lee, H.-Y. 2018. Zircon U–Pb ages and Lu–Hf isotopes of metagranitoids from the Subansiri region, eastern Himalaya: implications for crustal evolution along the northern Indian passive margin in the early Paleozoic. In Crustal architecture and evolution of the Himalaya–Karakoram–Tibet orogen. Edited by R. Sharma, I.M. Villa, and S. Kumar. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 481, pp. 299–318. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP481.7
- Bouvier, A., Vervoort, J.D., and Patchett, P.J. 2008. The Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd isotopic composition of CHUR: Constraints from unequilibrated chondrites and implications for the bulk composition of terrestrial planets. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 273, pp. 48–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.010
- Burnham, A.D. and Berry, A.J. 2017. Formation of Hadean granites by melting of igneous crust. Nature Geoscience, 10, pp. 457–461. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2942
- Carter, M.J. and Mosher, S. 2013. Alleghanian deformation of Cambrian metasedimentary rocks on Avalonia in south-central Rhode Island, USA. Atlantic Geology, 49. pp. 70–89. https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2013.003
- Chu, N.C., Taylor, R.N., Chavagnac, V., Nesbitt, R.W., Boella, R.M., Milton, J.A., German, C.R., Bayon, G., and Burton, K. 2002. Hf isotope ratio analysis using multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: an evaluation of isobaric interference corrections. Journal of Analytica Atomic Spectrometry, 17, pp. 1566–1674. https://doi.org/10.1039/b206707b
- Crowley, J.L., Schoene, B., and Bowring, S.A., 2007. U–Pb dating of zircon in the Bishop Tuff at the millennial scale. Geology, 35, pp. 1123–1126. https://doi.org/10.1130/G24017A.1
- Dhuime, B., Hawkesworth, C., and Cawood, P. 2011. When continents formed. Science, 331, pp. 154–155. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201245
- Dillon, P., Dunning, G., and Hon, R. 1993. Geochemical and geochronological evidence for two distinct Avalonian magmatic suites, eastern Massachusetts. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 25, no. 2, p. 12.
- Elliott, T., Plank, T., Zindler, A., White, W., and Bourdon, B. 1997. Element transport from slab to volcanic front at the Mariana arc. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, pp. 14991–15019. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB00788
- Fetherston, D., Murray, D.P., and Wintsch, R.P. 2014. Alleghanian metamorphism of the southern Narragansett Basin, RI: Hinged burial and exhumation. New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference, Trip B5, p. 1–20.
- Germain, R., Kuiper, Y.D., and White, S. (in press). U–Pb zircon investigation in the offshore southeast Nova Scotia, Canada: detrital zircon evidence for the extension of the Meguma terrane and evidence for late Ediacaran magmatism – A bearing to the origin of the terrane? Atlantic Geoscience, 61.
- Geyer, G. and Landing, E. 2001. Middle Cambrian of Avalonian Massachusetts: stratigraphy and correlation of the Braintree trilobites. Journal of Paleontology, 75, pp. 116–135. https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<0116:MCOAMS>2.0.CO;2
- Goldsmith, R. 1991a. Stratigraphy of the Milford-Dedham Zone, eastern Massachusetts: an Avalonian terrane. In The bedrock geology of Massachusetts. Edited by N.L. Hatch. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1366E–J, pp. E1–E62.
- Goldsmith, R. 1991b. Structural and metamorphic history of eastern Massachusetts. In The bedrock geology of Massachusetts. Edited by N.L. Hatch. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1366E–J, pp. H1–H63.
- Grew, E.S. and Day, H.W. 1972. Staurolite, kyanite, and sillimanite from the Narragansett Basin of Rhode Island. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 800-D, pp. 151–157.
- Gromet, L.P. 1989. Avalonian terranes and late Paleozoic tectonism in southeastern New England; Constraints and problems. In Terranes in the circum-Atlantic Paleozoic orogens. Edited by R.D. Dallmeyer. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 230, pp. 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE230-p193
- Gromet, L.P., Getty, S.R., and Whitehead, E.K. 1998. Late Paleozoic orogeny in southeastern New England; a mid-crustal view. In Guidebook to fieldtrips in Rhode Island and adjacent regions of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Edited by D.P. Murray, New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference, 90, Trip B2, pp. 1–19.
- Gerstenberger, H. and Haase, G. 1997. A highly effective emitter substance for mass spectrometric Pb isotope ratio determinations. Chemical Geology, 136, pp. 309–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00033-2
- Griffin, W.L., Pearson, N.J., Belousova, E., Jackson, S.E., van Achterbergh, E., O’Reilly, S.Y., and Shee, S.R. 2000. The Hf isotope composition of cratonic mantle: LAM-MC-ICPMS analysis of zircon megacrysts in kimberlites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, pp. 133–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00343-9
- Grimes, C.B., Wooden, J.L., Cheadle, M.J., and John, B.E. 2015. “Fingerprinting” tectono‑magmatic provenance using trace elements in igneous zircon. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 170, pp. 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-015-1199-3
- Hanson, L. and McFadden, R. 2014. Rocks and landforms of the Lynn Woods and Breakheart Reservations: What they reveal about the local geologic history and what still needs to be explored. In Guidebook to field trips in southeastern New England (MA-NH-RI): 106th Meeting of the New England Intercollegiate Geologic Conference. Edited by M.D. Thompson, New England Intercollegiate Geologic Conference, pp. C2-1–C2-24.
- Hatcher, R.D. 2010. The Appalachian orogen: A brief summary. In From Rodinia to Pangea: The lithotectonic record of the Appalachian region. Edited by R.P. Tollo, M.J. Bartholomew, J.P. Hibbard, and P.M. Karabinos. Geological Society of America Memoir, 206, pp. 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1130/2010.1206(01)
- Henderson, B.J., Collins, W.J., Murphy, J.B., Gutierrez-Alonso, G., and Hand, M. 2016. Gondwanan basement terranes of the Variscan–Appalachian orogen: Baltican, Saharan, and West African isotopic fingerprints in Avalonia, Iberia, and the Armorican terranes. Tectonophysics, 681, pp. 279–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.11.020
- Hepburn, J.C., Hon, R., Dunning, G. R., Bailey, R. H., and Galli, K. 1993. The Avalon and Nashoba terrane (eastern margin of the Appalachian orogeny in southeastern New England). In Field trip guidebook for the northeastern United States. Edited by J.T. Cheney, and J.C. Hepburn. Geological Society of America, 1993, 2, pp. X1–X31.
- Hepburn, J.C., Fernández-Suárez, J., Jenner, G.A., and Belousova, E.A. 2008. Significance of detrital zircon ages from the Westboro quartzite, Avalon terrane, eastern Massachusetts: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 40, no. 2, p. 15.
- Hermes, O.D. and Murray, D.P. 1990. Geochemical distinctions of late Proterozoic and Paleozoic volcanism in the Avalon zone of New England. In Geology of the composite Avalon terrane of southern New England. Edited by A.D. Socci, J.W. Skehan, and G.W. Smith. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 245, pp. 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE245-p97
- Hermes, O.D. and Zartman, R.E. 1985. Late Proterozoic and Devonian plutonic terrane within the Avalon zone of Rhode Island. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 96, pp. 272–282. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<272:LPADPT>2.0.CO;2
- Hermes, O.D. and Zartman, R.E. 1992. Late Proterozoic and Silurian alkaline plutons within the southeastern New England Avalon zone. The Journal of Geology, 100, pp. 477–486. https://doi.org/10.1086/629599
- Hermes, O.D., Gromet, L.P., and Murray, D.P. 1994. Bedrock Geologic Map of Rhode Island: Rhode Island Map Series No. 1. University of Rhode Island, Kingston, scale 1:100 000.
- Hermes, O.D., Murray, D.P., Hamidzada, N.A., Bettez, E., and Thompson, M.D. 1998. The role of volcanic, granitic and sedimentary rocks in understanding the pre-Pennsylvanian tectonics of central Rhode Island. In Guidebook to fieldtrips in Rhode Island and adjacent regions of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Edited by D.P. Murray. New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference, 90, Trip C1, pp. 1–25.
- Hibbard, J.P., van Staal, C.R., Rankin, D., and Williams, H. 2006. Lithotectonic map of the Appalachian orogen (north), Canada–United States of America. Geological Survey of Canada Map 02041A, scale 1:1 500 000, 1 sheet. https://doi.org/10.4095/221912
- Hiess, J., Condon, D.J., McLean, N., and Noble, S.R., 2012. 238U/235U systematics in terrestrial uranium-bearing minerals. Science, 335, pp. 1610–1614. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215507
- Hutchinson, D.R., Klitgord, K.D., Lee, M.W., and Trehu, A.M. 1988. U.S. Geological Survey deep seismic profile across the Gulf of Maine. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 100, 172–184. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<0172:USGSDS>2.3.CO;2
- Jaffey, A.H., Flynn, K.F., Glendenin, L.E., Bentley, W.C., and Essling, A.M. 1971. Precision measurements of half-lives and specific activities of 235U and 238U. Physical Review, C4, pp. 1889–1906. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.4.1889
- Jansa, L.F. and Wade, J.A. 1975. Geology of the continental margin of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 74–30, no. 2, pp. 51–105. https://doi.org/10.4095/119752
- Kaye, C.A. and Zartman, R.E. 1980. A late Proterozoic to Cambrian age for the stratified rocks of the Boston Basin, Massachusetts. In The Caledonides in the USA. Edited by D.R. Wones. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Memoir 2, pp. 257–261.
- Keppie, J.D., Nance, R.D., Murphy, J.B., and Dostal, J. 2003. Tethyan, Mediterranean, and Pacific analogues for the Neoproterozoic–Paleozoic birth and development of peri-Gondwanan terranes and their transfer to Laurentia and Laurussia. Tectonophysics, 365, pp. 195–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00037-4
- Krogh, T.E. 1973. A low contamination method for hydrothermal decomposition of zircon and extraction of U and Pb for isotopic age determination. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37, pp. 485–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90213-5
- Kuiper, Y.D., Thompson, M.D., Barr, S.M., White, C.E., Hepburn, J.C., and Crowley, J.L. 2017. Detrital zircon evidence for Paleoproterozoic West African crust along the eastern North American continental margin, Georges Bank, offshore Massachusetts, USA. Geology, 45, pp. 811–814. https://doi.org/10.1130/G39203.1
- Kuiper, Y.D. and Murray, D.P. 2022. Possible crustal blocks of the southeastern part of the New England Avalon terrane in the US Appalachians. IGCP683 and Halifax 2022 Virtual Field Guide. IGCP683.org, 35 p.
- Kuiper, Y.D., Barr, S.M., Crowley J.L., and Souders, A.K. 2023. Geochronology and geochemistry of zircon from Early to Middle Devonian granitic and felsic volcanic rocks from the Cashes Ledge igneous suite, central Gulf of Maine, USA. Atlantic Geoscience, 59, pp. 109–121. https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeo.2023.005
- Kuiper, Y.D., Murray, D.P., Ellison, S., and Crowley, J.L. 2022. U–Pb detrital zircon analysis of sedimentary rocks of the New England Avalon terrane in the U.S. Appalachians: Evidence for a separate crustal block. In New developments in the Appalachian–Caledonian–Variscan orogen. Edited by Y.D. Kuiper, J.B. Murphy, R.D. Nance, R.A. Strachan, and M.D. Thompson. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 554, pp. 93–119. https://doi.org/10.1130/2021.2554(05)
- Landing, E. 1988. Lower Cambrian of eastern Massachusetts: stratigraphy and small shelly fossils. Journal of Paleontology, 62, pp. 661–695.
- Leo, G.W., Mortensen, J.K., Barreiro, B., and Phillips, J.D. 1993. Petrology and U–Pb geochronology of buried Avalonian plutonic rocks on southeastern Cape Cod. Atlantic Geology, 29, pp. 103–113. https://doi.org/10.4138/1993
- Lilly, H.D. 1966. Late Precambrian and Appalachian tectonics in the light of submarine exploration of the Great Bank of Newfoundland and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence-preliminary views. American Journal of Science, 264, pp. 569–514. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.264.7.569
- Ludwig, K.R. 2003. User’s Manual for Isoplot 3.00. Berkeley Geochronology Center. Berkeley, CA, 70 p. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/6739593
- Mattinson, J.M. 2005. Zircon U–Pb chemical abrasion ("CA-TIMS") method: combined annealing and multi-step partial dissolution analysis for improved precision and accuracy of zircon ages. Chemical Geology, 220, pp. 47–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.03.011
- McIver, N.L. 1972. Cenozoic and Mesozoic Stratigraphy of the Nova Scotia Shelf. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 9, pp. 54–70. https://doi.org/10.1139/e72-005
- McLennan, S.M. 1989. Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: Influence of provenance and sedimentary process. Chapter 7, Reviews in Mineralogy, 21, pp. 169–200. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501509032-010
- Mosher, S. 1983. Kinematic history of the Narragansett Basin, Massachusetts and Rhode Island: constraints on late Paleozoic plate reconstruction. Tectonics, 2, pp. 327–344. https://doi.org/10.1029/TC002i004p00327
- Murphy, J.B. and Nance, R.D. 2002. Sm–Nd isotopic systematics as tectonic tracers: An example from West Avalonia in the Canadian Appalachians. Earth-Science Reviews, 59, pp. 77–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00070-3
- Murphy, J.B., Nance, R.D., and Wu, L. 2023. The provenance of Avalonia and its tectonic implications: a critical reappraisal. In The consummate reoscientist: a celebration of the career of Maarten de Wit. Edited by A.J. Hynes and J.B. Murphy. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 531, pp. 176–197. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP531-2022-176
- Murray, D.P., Hermes, O.D., and Dunham, T.S. 1990. The New Bedford area: A preliminary assessment. In Geology of the composite Avalon terrane of southern New England. Edited by A.D. Socci, J.W. Skehan, and G.W. Smith. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 245, pp. 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE245-p155
- Murray, D.P., Hermes, O.D., and Hamidzada, N. 1998. Understanding issues of magma mixing and Avalonian to Alleghanian tectonism along the eastern fringe of the southeastern New England Appalachians: The New Bedford region. In Guidebook to fieldtrips in Rhode Island and adjacent regions of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Edited by D.P. Murray, New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference, 90, Trip A2, pp. 1–22.
- Murray, D.P., Gromet, L.P., and Hermes, O.D. 2002. Late Paleozoic magmatism in southeastern Massachusetts: Insights into Alleghanian rejuvenation of Avalonian basement. Geological Society of America Abstract with Programs, 34, no. 1, p. 60.
- Murray, D.P., Skehan, J.W., and Raben, J. 2004. Tectonostratigraphic relationships and coalification trends in the Narragansett and Norfolk basins, New England. Journal of Geodynamics, 37, pp. 583–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.006
- Nance, R.D. and Murphy, J.B. 1994. Contrasting basement isotopic signatures and the palinspastic restoration of peripheral orogens: Examples from the Neoproterozoic Avalonian–Cadomian belt. Geology, 22, pp. 617–620. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0617:CBISAT>2.3.CO;2
- Nance, R.D. and Murphy, J.B. 1996. Basement isotopic signatures and Neoproterozoic paleogeography of Avalonian-Cadomian and related terranes in the circum–North Atlantic. In Avalonian and related Peri-Gondwanan terranes of the circum-North Atlantic. Edited by R.D. Nance and M.D. Thompson. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 304, pp. 333–346. https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2304-3.333
- Nance, R.D. and Thompson, M.D. (Editors). 1996. Avalonian and related peri-Gondwanan terranes of the circum-North Atlantic. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 304, 390 p. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE304
- Nance, R.D., Murphy, B.J., Strachan, R.A., Keppie, J.D., Gutiérrez-Alonso, G., Fernández-Suárez, J., Quesada, C., Linnemann, U., D’lemos, R., and Pisarevsky, P.A. 2008. Neoproterozoic-early Palaeozoic tectonostratigraphy and palaeogeography of the peri-Gondwanan terranes: Amazonian,West African connections. In The boundaries of the west African Craton. Edited by E. Nasser and J.-P. Liégeois. Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 297, pp. 345–383. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP297.17
- O'Hara, K.D. and Gromet, L.P. 1985. Two distinct Precambrian (Avalonian) terranes in southeastern New England and their late Paleozoic juxtaposition. American Journal of Science, 285, p. 673–709. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.285.8.673
- Patchett, P.J., Kouvo, O., Hedge, C.E., and Tatsumoto, M. 1982. Evolution of continental crust and mantle heterogeneity: evidence from Hf isotope. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78, pp. 279–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00398923
- Paton, C., Hellstrom, J., Paul, B., Woodhead, J., and Hergt, J. 2011. Iolite: Freeware for the visualization and processing of mass spectrometric data. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 26, pp. 2508–2518. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ja10172b
- Pe-Piper, G. and Jansa, L.F. 1999. Pre-Mesozoic basement rocks offshore Nova Scotia, Canada: New constraints on the accretion history of the Meguma terrane. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 111, pp. 1773–1791. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<1773:PMBRON>2.3.CO;2
- Pe-Piper, G. and Loncarevic, B.D.,1989. Offshore continuation of Meguma Terrane, southwestern Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 26, pp. 176–191. https://doi.org/10.1139/e89-014
- Pollock, J.C., Hibbard, J.P., and van Staal, C.R. 2012. A paleogeographical review of the peri-Gondwanan realm of the Appalachian orogeny. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 49, pp. 259–288. https://doi.org/10.1139/e11-049
- Pollock, J.C., Barr, S.M., van Rooyen, D., and White, C.E. 2022. Insights from Lu–Hf zircon isotopic data on the crustal evolution of Avalonia and Ganderia in the northern Appalachian orogen. In New developments in the Appalachian–Caledonian–Variscan orogen. Edited by Y.D. Kuiper, J.B. Murphy, R.D. Nance, R.A. Strachan, and M.D. Thompson. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 554, pp. 173–207. https://doi.org/10.1130/2021.2554(08)
- Puetz, S.J., Spencer, C.J., Condie, K.C., and Roberts, N.M.W. 2024. Enhanced U–Pb detrital zircon, Lu–Hf zircon, δ18O zircon, and Sm–Nd whole rock global databases. Nature, Scientific Data. Article no 56 (2024), 16 pp. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02902-9
- Rast, N. and Skehan, J.W. 1981. The geology of Precambrian rocks of Newport and Middletown, Rhode Island. In Guidebook to geologic field studies in Rhode Island and adjacent areas. New England Intercollegiate Geologic Conference, 73, pp. 67–92.
- Rast, N. and Skehan, J.W. 1983. The evolution of the Avalonian plate. Tectonophysics, 100, pp. 257–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(83)90191-9
- Rast, N. and Skehan, J.W. 1990. The late Proterozoic geological setting of the Boston Basin. In Geology of the composite Avalon terrane of southern New England. Edited by A.D. Socci, J.W. Skehan, and G.W. Smith. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 245, pp. 235–247. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE245-p235
- Rast, N. and Skehan, J.W. 1993. Changing tectonic environments of the Avalon superterrane and the Nashoba terrane in Massachusetts. Journal of Geodynamics, 17, pp. 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-3707(93)90013-V
- Reynolds, E.C. 2012. New 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the timing of metamorphism and deformation in the western Nashoba terrane, eastern Massachusetts. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 131 p.
- Rodgers, J. 1985. Bedrock geological map of Connecticut: State geological and natural history survey of Connecticut, 2 sheets, scale 1:125 000.
- Samson, S.D. 1994. The Carolina Terrane: Is it part of Avalon? Atlantic Geology, 30, pp. 175–176.
- Samson, S.D., Barr, S.M., and White, C.E. 2000. Nd isotopic characteristics of terranes within the Avalon zone, southern New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 37, p. 1039–1052. https://doi.org/10.1139/e00-015
- Schmitz, M.D. and Schoene, B. 2007. Derivation of isotope ratios, errors and error correlations for U–Pb geochronology using 205Pb-235U-(233U)-spiked isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometric data. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (G3), 8. Article no. Q08006, 20 pp. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001492
- Severson, A.R. 2020. Across- and along-strike structural and geochronological variations of the Nashoba-Putnam and Avalon terranes, eastern Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, southeastern New England Appalachians. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA, 131 p. https://repository.mines.edu/entities/publication/13e4e235-8c8d-4c33-b60d-ead25e58c815
- Severson, A.R., Kuiper, Y.D., Eby, G.N., Lee, H.-Y., and Hepburn, J.C. 2022. New detrital zircon U–Pb ages and Lu–Hf isotopic data from metasedimentary rocks along the western boundary of the composite Avalon terrane in the southeastern New England Appalachians. In New developments in the Appalachian–Caledonian–Variscan orogen. Edited by Y.D. Kuiper, J.B. Murphy, R.D. Nance, R.A. Strachan, and M.D. Thompson. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 554, pp. 73–91. https://doi.org/10.1130/2021.2554(04)
- Skehan, J.W. and Rast, N. 1990. Pre-Mesozoic evolution of Avalon terranes of southern New England. In Geology of the composite Avalon terrane of southern New England. Edited by A.D. Socci, J.W. Skehan, and G.W. Smith. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 245, pp. 13–53. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE245-p13
- Skehan, S.J., J.W., Rast, N., and Mosher, S. 1986. Paleoenvironmental and tectonic controls of sedimentation in coal-forming basins of southeastern New England. In Paleoenvironmental and tectonic controls in coal-forming basins of the United States. Edited by P.C. Lyons and C.L. Rice. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 210, pp. 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE210-p9
- Skehan, S.J., Webster, M.J., and Logue, D.F. 1987. Cambrian stratigraphy and structural geology of southern Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide–Northeastern Section, 5, pp. 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-5405-4.195
- Skehan, J.W., Webster, M.J., and Rast, N. 1998. Avalonian and Alleghanian deformation in Southern Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. In Guidebook to fieldtrips in Rhode Island and adjacent regions of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Edited by D.P. Murray. New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference, 90, Trip B3, pp. 1–28.
- Sláma, J., Košler, J, Condon, D.J., Crowley, J.L., Gerdes, A., Hanchar, J.M., Horstwood, M.S.A., Morris, G.A., Nasdala, L., Norberg, N., Schaltegger, U., Schoene, B. Tubrett, M.N., and Whitehouse, M.J. 2008. Plešovice zircon — A new natural reference material for U–Pb and Hf isotopic microanalysis. Chemical Geology, 249, pp. 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.11.005
- Smith, B.M. 1978. The geology and Rb–Sr whole-rock age of granitic rocks of Aquidneck and Conanicut Islands, Rhode Island. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA, 94 p.
- Söderlund, U., Patchett, P.J., Vervoort, J.D., and Isachsen, C.E. 2004. The 176Lu decay constant determined by Lu–Hf and U–Pb isotope systematics of Precambrian mafic intrusions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 219, pp. 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(04)00012-3
- Souders, A.K., Sylvester, P.J., and Myers, J.S. 2013. Mantle and crustal sources of Archean anorthosite: a combined in situ isotopic study of Pb–Pb in plagioclase and Lu–Hf in zircon. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 165, pp. 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-012-0789-6
- Spencer, C.J., Kirkland, C.L., Roberts, N.M.W., Evans, N.J., and Liebmann, J. 2020. Strategies towards robust interpretations of in situ zircon Lu–Hf isotope analyses. Geoscience Frontiers, 11, pp. 843–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2019.09.004
- Stewart, D.B., Wright, B.E., Unger, J.D., Phillips, J.D., and Hutchinson, D.R. 1993. Global geoscience transect 8, Quebec-Maine-Gulf of Maine transect, southeastern Canada, northeastern United States of America. United Stated Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Investigations, Series Map 1–2329, scale 1:1 000 000.
- Sun S. and McDonough, W.F. 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In Magmatism in the ocean basins. Edited by A.D. Saunders and M J. Norry. Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 42, pp. 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19
- Swanson-Hysell, N.L., Hoaglund, S.A., Crowley, J.L., Schmitz, M.D., Zhang, Y., and Miller, J.D. 2020. Rapid emplacement of massive Duluth Complex intrusions within the North American Midcontinent Rift. Geology, 49, pp. 185–189. https://doi.org/10.1130/G47873.1
- Tang, M., Ji, W.-Q., Chu, X, Wu, A., and Chen, C. 2020. Reconstructing crustal thickness evolution from europium anomalies in detrital zircons. Geology, 49, pp. 76–80. https://doi.org/10.1130/G47745.1
- Thompson, M.D. and Bowring, S.A. 2000. Age of the Squantum “Tillite,” Boston Basin, Massachusetts: U–Pb zircon constraints on terminal Neoproterozoic glaciation. American Journal of Science, 300, pp. 630–655. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.300.8.630
- Thompson, M.D. and Crowley, J.L. 2024. West Avalonian affinity of plutons in southeastern-most Massachusetts, USA. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 56, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2024NE-396880
- Thompson, M.D. and Hermes, O.D. 2003. Early rifting in the Narragansett Basin, Massachusetts-Rhode Island: Evidence from Late Devonian bimodal volcanic rocks. Journal of Geology, 111, pp. 597–604. https://doi.org/10.1086/376768
- Thompson, M.D., Barr, S.M., and Grunow, A.M. 2012. Avalonian perspectives on Neoproterozoic paleogeography: Evidence from Sm–Nd isotope geochemistry and detrital zircon geochronology in SE New England, USA. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 124, pp. 517–531. https://doi.org/10.1130/B30529.1
- Thompson, M.D., Barr, S.M., and Pollock, J.C. 2022. Evolving views of West Avalonia: Perspectives from southeastern New England, USA. In New developments in the Appalachian–Caledonian–Variscan orogen. Edited by Y.D. Kuiper, J.B. Murphy, R.D. Nance, R.A. Strachan, and M.D. Thompson. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 554, pp. 47–72. https://doi.org/10.1130/2022.2554(03)
- Thompson, M.D., Grunow, A.M., and Ramezani, J. 2007. Late Neoproterozoic paleogeography of the southeastern New England Avalon zone: implications for Gondwana break-up. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 119, pp. 681–696. https://doi.org/10.1130/B26014.1
- Thompson, M.D., Grunow, A.M., and Ramezani, J. 2010a. Cambro–Ordovician paleogeography of the southeastern New England Avalon zone: Implications for Gondwana break-up. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 122, pp. 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1130/B26581.1
- Thompson, M.D., Ramezani, J., and Crowley, J.L. 2014. U–Pb zircon geochronology of Roxbury Conglomerate, Boston Basin, Massachusetts: tectono-stratigraphic implications for Avalonia in and beyond SE New England. American Journal of Science, 314, pp. 1009–1040. https://doi.org/10.2475/06.2014.02
- Thompson, M.D., Ramezani, J., and Grunow, A.M. 2018. Within-Plate Setting of Paleozoic Alkalic Suites in Southeastern New England, USA: Constraints from Chemical Abrasion–TIMS U–Pb Geochronology and Paleomagnetism. The Journal of Geology, 126, pp. 41–61. https://doi.org/10.1086/694867
- Thompson, M.D., Ramezani, J., Barr, S.M., and Hermes, O.D. 2010b. High-precision U–Pb zircon dates for Ediacaran granitoid rocks in SE New England: revised magmatic chronology and correlation with other Avalonian terranes. In From Rodinia to Pangea: the lithotectonic record of the Appalachian region. Edited by R.P. Tollo, M.J. Bartholomew, J.P. Hibbard, and P.M. Karabinos. Geological Society of America Memoir, 206, pp. 231–250. https://doi.org/10.1130/2010.1206(11)
- Thompson, M.D., Hermes, O.D., Bowring, S.A., Isachsen, C.E., Besancon, J.R., and Kelly, K.L. 1996. Tectonostratigraphic implications of Late Proterozoic U–Pb zircon ages in the Avalon Zone of southeastern New England. In Avalonian and related Peri-Gondwanan terranes of the circum-North Atlantic. Edited by R.D. Nance and M.D. Thompson. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 304, pp. 179–191. https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2304-3.179
- van Staal, C.R., Whalen, J.B., Valverde-Vaquero, P., Zagorevski, A., and Rogers, N. 2009. Pre-Carboniferous, episodic accretion-related, orogenesis along the Laurentian margin of the northern Appalachians. In Ancient orogens and modern analogues. Edited by J.B. Murphy, J.D. Keppie, and A.J. Hynes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 327, pp. 271–316. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.13
- van Staal, C.R., Barr, S.M., McCausland, P.M., Thompson, M.D., and White, C.E. 2021. Tonian-Ediacaran tectonomagmatic evolution of West Avalonia and its Ediacaran-Early Cambrian interactions with Ganderia: an example of complex terrane transfer due to arc-arc collision? In Pannotia to Pangaea: Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic orogenic cycles in the circum-Atlantic Region. Edited by J.B. Murphy, R.A. Strachan, and C. Quesada. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 503, 143–167. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP503-2020-23
- Wade, J.A. and Maclean, B.C. 1990. The geology of the southeastern margin of Canada. In Geology of the continental margin of eastern Canada. Edited by M.J. Keen and G.L. Williams. Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canda, 2, pp. 167–238. https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-GNA-I1.167
- Walsh, G.J., Aleinikoff, J.N., and Dorais, M.J. 2011. Bedrock geologic map of the Grafton quadrangle, Worcester County, Massachusetts: United States Geological Survey, Montpelier, Vermont, scale 1:24 000. https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3171
- Watson, E.B., Wark, D.A., and Thomas, J.B. 2006. Crystallization thermometers for zircon and rutile. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 151, pp. 413–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-006-0068-5
- Wendt, I. and Carl, C. 1991. The statistical distribution of the mean squared weighted deviation. Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section), 86, pp. 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9622(91)90010-T
- White, C.E. and Barr, S.M. 2010. Lithochemistry of the Lower Paleozoic Goldenville and Halifax groups, southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada: implications for stratigraphy, provenance, and tectonic setting of Meguma. In From Rodinia to Pangea: the lithotectonic record of the Appalachian region. Edited by R.P. Tollo, M.J. Bartholomew, J.P. Hibbard, and P.M. Karabinos. Geological Society of America Memoir, 206, pp. 347–366. https://doi.org/10.1130/2010.1206(15)
- White, C.E., Barr, S.M., Hamilton, M.A., and Murphy, J.B. 2021. Age and tectonic setting of Neoproterozoic granitoid rocks, Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia, Canada: Implications for Avalonia in the northern Appalachian orogen. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 58, pp. 396–412. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0110
- Wiedenbeck, M., Alle, P., Corfu, F., Griffin, W., Meier, M., Oberli, F., Quadt, A.V., Roddick, J., and Spiegel, W. 1995. Three natural zircon standards for U–Th-Pb, Lu–Hf, trace element and REE Analyses. Geostandards Newsletter, 19, pp. 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.1995.tb00147.x
- Wintsch, R. P. and Aleinikoff, J. N. 1987. U–Pb isotopic and geologic evidence for late Paleozoic anatexis, deformation, and accretion of the late Proterozoic Avalon Terrane, southcentral Connecticut. American Journal of Science, 287, pp. 107-126. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.287.2.107
- Wintsch, R.P., Yi, K., and Dorais, M.J. 2014. Crustal thickening by tectonic wedging of the Ganderian rocks, southern New England, USA: Evidence from cataclastic zircon microstructures and U–Pb ages. Journal of Structural Geology, 69, pp. 428–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.07.019
- Wintsch, R.P., Coleman, M., Pulver, M., Byrne, T., Aleinikoff, J.N., Kunk, M.J., and Roden-Tice, M. 1998a. Late Paleozoic deformation, metamorphic, and exhumation in central Connecticut. In Guidebook to fieldtrips in Rhode Island and adjacent regions of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Edited by D.P. Murray. New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference, 90, Trip C2, pp. 1–25.
- Wintsch, R.P., Kunk, M.J., and Aleinikoff, J.N. 1998b. The hinterland of the Alleghanian Orogen in southern New England: Late Paleozoic metamorphic and structural overprint on Acadian Metamorphic rocks. In Guidebook to fieldtrips in Rhode Island and adjacent regions of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Edited by D.P. Murray. New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference, 90, Trip A4, pp. 1–16.
- Wintsch, R.P., Sutter, J.F., Kunk, M.J., Aleinikoff, J.N., and Dorais, M.J. 1992. Contrasting P-T-t paths: Thermochronologic evidence for a Late Paleozoic final assembly of the Avalon composite terrane in the New England Appalachians. Tectonics, 11, pp. 672–689. https://doi.org/10.1029/91TC02904
- Wintsch, R.P., Aleinikoff, J.N., Walsh, G.J., Bothner, W.A., Hussey II, A.M., and Fanning, C.M. 2007. SHRIMP U–Pb evidence for a late Silurian age of metasedimentary rocks in the Merrimack and Putnam-Nashoba terranes, eastern New England. American Journal of Science, 307, pp. 119–167. https://doi.org/10.2475/01.2007.05
- Yang, J., Cawood, P.A., Du, Y., Huang, H., Huang, H., and Tao, P. 2012. Large Igneous Province and magmatic arc sourced Permian–Triassic volcanogenic sediments in China. Sedimentary Geology, 261–262, pp. 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.03.018
- Zartman, R.E. and Hermes, O.D. 1987. Archean inheritance in zircon from late Paleozoic granites from the Avalon Zone of southeastern New England; an African connection. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 82, pp. 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(87)90204-4
- Zartman, R.E. and Naylor, R.S. 1984. Structural implications of some radiometric ages of igneous rocks in southeastern New England. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 95, pp. 522–539. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<522:SIOSRA>2.0.CO;2
- Zartman, R.E., Hermes, O.D., and Pease Jr., M.H. 1988. Zircon crystallization ages, and subsequent isotopic disturbance events, in gneissic rocks of eastern Connecticut and western Rhode Island. American Journal of Science, 288, pp. 376–402. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.288.4.376
- Zartman, R.E., Hurley, P.M., Krueger, H.W., and Giletti, B.J. 1970. A Permian disturbance of K–Ar radiometric ages in New England: its occurrence and cause. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 81, pp. 3359–3374. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3359:APDOKR]2.0.CO;2
- Zen, E-an (Editor), Goldsmith, R., Ratcliffe, N.M., Robinson, P., and Stanley, R.S. (Compilers) 1983. Bedrock geologic map of Massachusetts: United States Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, scale 1:250 000.
- Zhu, Z., Campbell, I.H., Allen, C.M., and Burnham, A.D. 2020. S-type granites: Their origin and distribution through time as determined from detrital zircons. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 536, 116140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116140

