Abstracts
Résumé
L'accès au logement est un enjeu central pour les politiques urbaines contemporaines. Les Community Land Trusts (CLT) cherchent à garantir durablement l’accès à des logements abordables en s’appuyant sur trois principes : la dissociation entre la propriété foncière et la jouissance du logement ; la limitation des plus-values ; une gouvernance tripartite impliquant les résidents, la communauté locale et les acteurs publics. Ces politiques, ni publiques ni privées, visent à renforcer le contrôle collectif sur le parc immobilier dans le but de favoriser l’accès au logement pour les ménages modestes ou issus des minorités. En France, une institution similaire, l'Organisme de Foncier Solidaire (OFS), a été intégrée au code de l'urbanisme (2014) et les grandes villes promeuvent son développement afin d'enrayer la suburbanisation de la classe moyenne. L’article examine la genèse des CLT aux États-Unis et le développement des OFS en France dans le cadre théorique des communs et avec une approche de géographie légale critique. Dix ans après l’introduction de l’OFS, cette analyse interroge les règles de sa gouvernance interne et multiniveau. Malgré des références récurrentes aux CLT, l’OFS ne saurait être qualifié de commun car il privilégie l’accès au logement pour les classes moyennes inférieures et la sécurisation des fonds publics, plutôt que la politisation du logement abordable en tant que commun urbain. Enfin, les ambiguïtés persistantes au sein de sa gouvernance territoriale entraînent des questionnements quant à la capacité de l’OFS à jouer un rôle redistributif dans le système français des politiques du logement largement marqué par le néolibéralisme.
Mots-clés :
- crise du logement,
- accessibilité au logement,
- communs,
- géographie légale critique,
- community land trust,
- Organisme de Foncier Solidaire
Abstract
Access to housing is a key issue in contemporary urban policy. Community Land Trusts (CLTs) seek to guarantee long-term access to affordable housing based on three principles: separating land ownership from housing tenure; limiting capital gains; and tripartite governance involving residents, the local community and public actors. These policies, which are neither public nor private, aim to strengthen collective control over the housing stock in order to promote access to housing for low-income households and minorities. In France, a similar institution, the Organisme de Foncier Solidaire (OFS), was incorporated into the Urban Planning Code (2014), and large cities are promoting its development in order to curb the suburbanisation of the middle class. The article examines the origins of CLTs in the United States and the development of OFSs in France within the theoretical framework of the commons and using a critical legal geography approach. Ten years after the introduction of the OFS, this analysis questions the rules of its internal and multi-level governance. Despite recurring references to CLTs, the OFS cannot be described as a commons because it prioritises access to housing for the lower middle classes and control of public funds, rather than the politicisation of affordable housing as an urban commons. Finally, the ambiguities that remain within its territorial governance raise questions about the OFS's ability to play a redistributive role in the French housing policy system, which is largely marked by neoliberalism.
Keywords:
- housing crisis,
- housing affordability,
- commons,
- critical legal geography,
- community land trust,
- Organisme de Foncier Solidaire
Appendices
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