Nash, Gary B. Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia's Black Community, 1720–1840. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988. Pp. xii, 354. Illustrations, maps, index. 29.95 (U.S.) / Grossman, James R. Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Pp. xiii, 384. Illustrations, maps, index. 29.95 (U.S.) - Lightner, David (Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine, 1991)