Résumés
Abstract
The article advances a type of relational sociology that is sensitive to the continually ongoing formation of beings and relations over the course of time. While the dynamic and fluid character of relations has been stressed by other relational scholars as well, the article suggests by drawing from the work of Simmel and anthropologist Tim Ingold that to attend to the coming-into-being and change of beings and relations, we need to alter the very grammar of considering relations: instead of fathoming them as connections between entities, we had better examine them as lines of life along which things become, act, change, move, and grow. This is to interweave the concept of relations with the notion of life, which the article conceptualizes by turning to the life-philosophy of Simmel. Instead of regarding life as encapsulated inside living organisms, Simmel considers it as form-giving immanent in the world’s incessant processes of becoming.
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Biographical note
Olli Pyyhtinen is Associate Professor of Sociology at the New Social Research programme and the founder of Relational Studies Hub (RS Hub) at the Tampere University, Finland. His research intersects social theory, philosophy, science and technology studies, economic sociology, and the study of art, and he is the author of for example The Simmelian Legacy (Palgrave, 2017), More-than Human Sociology (Palgrave, 2015), The Gift and Its Paradoxes (Ashgate, 2014), and Simmel and the Social (Palgrave, 2010), and has co-edited the volume The Anthem Companion to Georg Simmel (Anthem Press, 2016) together with Thomas Kemple. Currently Pyyhtinen is leading a multidisciplinary research project on gift practices in contemporary society and working towards a book which reconsiders relationality through the figure of the Third.
Bibliography
- Abbott, A. (2016). Processual Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Barabási, A.-L. (2003). Linked: The New Science of Networks. New York: Plume.
- Barad, K. (2007). Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham: Duke University Press.
- Barsness, R. (ed) (2018). Core Competencies of Relational Psychoanalysis. A Guide to Practice, Study, and Research. London and New York: Routledge.
- Bennett, J. (2010). Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things. Durham: Duke University Press.
- Burkitt, I. (2018). “Relational Agency”, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Relational Sociology, edited by F. Dépelteau. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 523–538.
- Burt, R. (1992). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
- Cantó-Milà, N. (2005). A Sociological Theory of Value: Georg Simmel’s Sociological Relationism. Bielefeld: Transcript.
- Cantó-Milà, N. (2016). “On the Special Relation between Proximity and Distance in Simmel’s Forms of Association and Beyond”, in: The Anthem Companion to Georg Simmel, edited by T. Kemple & O. Pyyhtinen. London and New York: Anthem Press, pp. 81–100.
- Cantó-Milà, N. (2018). “Georg Simmel’s Concept of Forms of Association as an Analytical Tool for Relational Sociology”, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Relational Sociology, edited by F. Dépelteau. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 217–230.
- Castells, M. (2000). The Rise of the Network Society. The Information Age: Economy Society and Culture, Vol. 1. 2nd edition. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell.
- Côté, J.-F. (2018). “G.H. Mead and Relational Sociology: The Case of Concepts”, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Relational Sociology, edited by F. Dépelteau. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 101–114.
- Crossley, N. (2011). Towards Relational Sociology. London and New York: Routledge.
- Crossley, N. (2018). “Music Sociology in Relational Perspective”, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Relational Sociology, edited by F. Dépelteau. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 601–619.
- Crossley, N. (2020). Connecting Sounds: The Social Life of Music. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Deleuze, G. (1988). Spinoza: Practical Philosophy. Trans. Robert Hurley. San Francisco: City Light Books.
- Deleuze, G. (1991). Bergsonism. Trans. Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam. New York: Zone Books.
- Deleuze, G. (1995). Negotiations. 1972–1990. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Deleuze, G. and Guattari, F. (2004). A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Trans. Brian Massumi. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press.
- Dépelteau, F. (2008). “Relational Thinking: A Critique of Co-deterministic Theories of Structure and Agency.” Sociological Theory 26(1): 51–73.
- Dépelteau, F. (2015). “Relational Sociology, Pragmatism, Transactions and Social Fields.” International Review of Sociology 25(1): 45–64.
- Dépelteau, F. (2017). “Toward a Processual-Relational Adaptation of ‘Substantialist’ Sociology: Starting with Durkheim.” Sosiologia 54(4): 410–425.
- Dépelteau, F. (2018). “From the Concept of ‘Trans-Action’ to a Process-Relational Approach”, in The Palgrave Handbook of Relational Sociology, edited by F. Dépelteau. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 499–519.
- Dépelteau, F. and Powell, C. (eds) (2013). Applying Relational Sociology: Relations, Networks, & Society. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Dewey, J. and Bentley, A. F. (1949). Knowing and the Known. Boston: Beacon Press.
- Donati, P. (2011). Relational Sociology: A New Paradigm for the Social Sciences. London & New York: Routledge.
- Donati, P. (2012). Family Policy: A Relational Approach. Milano: FrancoAngeli.
- Donati, P. (2018). “An Original Relational Sociology Grounded in Critical Realism”, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Relational Sociology, edited by F. Dépelteau. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 431–456.
- Donati, P. (2019). “Discovering the relational goods: their nature, genesis and effects.” International Review of Sociology 29(2):238–259.
- Donati, P. (2020). “Fluxes and Structures: Which Relational Gaze? A Comparison between Relational Sociologies.” Polish Sociological Review 210(2): 179–198.
- Donati, P. and Archer, M. (2015). The Relational Subject. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Dunbar, R. (2009). “The social brain hypothesis and its implications for social evolution.” Annual Human Biology 36(5): 562–572.
- Eacott, S. (2018). “Relations, Organising, Leadership and Education”, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Relational Sociology, edited by F. Dépelteau. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 641–661.
- Elias, N. (1978). What is Sociology? Trans. S. Mennell, and G. Morrissey. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Emirbayer, M. (1997). “Manifesto for a Relational Sociology.” American Journal of Sociology 103(2): 281–327.
- Emirbayer, M. (2013). “Relational Sociology as Fighting Words”, in: Conceptualizing Relational Sociology: Ontological and Theoretical Issues, edited by C. Powell, and F. Dépelteau. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 209–211.
- Emms, R. and Crossley, N. (2018). “Translocality, Network Structure, and Music Worlds: Underground Metal in the United Kingdom.” Canadian Review of Sociology 55(1): 111–135.
- Erikson, E. (2013). “Formalist and Relationalist Theory in Social Network Analysis.” Sociological Theory 31(3): 219–242.
- Erikson, E. (2018). “Relationalism and Social Networks”, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Relational Sociology, edited by F. Dépelteau. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 271–287.
- Eriksson, K. (2005). “On the Ontology of Networks.” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 2(4): 305–323.
- Fitzi, G. (2002). Soziale Erfahrung und Lebensphilosophie. Georg Simmels Beziehungzu Henri Bergson. Konstanz: Universitätsverlag Konstanz.
- Fitzi, G. (2016). “Modernity as Solid Liquidity: Simmel’s Life-Sociology”, in: The Anthem Companion to Georg Simmel, edited by T. Kemple & O. Pyyhtinen. London and New York: Anthem Press, pp. 59–80.
- Fowler, C. and Harris, O. (2015). “Enduring relations: exploring a paradox of new materialism.” Journal of Material Culture 20(2): 127–148.
- Fuhse, J. A. (2009). “The Meaning Structure of Social Networks.” Sociological Theory 27(1): 51–73.
- Gasché, R. (1999). Of Minimal Things: Studies on the Notion of Relation. Stanford, CA.: Stanford University Press.
- Gergen, K. J. (2009). Relational Being. Beyond Self and Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Godbout, J. T. & Caillé, A. (1998). The World of the Gift. Trans. D. Winkler. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
- Granovetter, M. S. (1973). “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78(6): 1360–80.
- Haraway, D. (2004). The Companion Species Manifesto: Dogs, People, and Significant Otherness. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press.
- Harman, G. (2008). ”DeLanda’s Ontology: Assemblage and Realism.” Continental Philosophy Review 41(3): 367–383.
- Hénaff, M. (2020) The Philosopher’s Gift: Reexamining Reciprocity. Trans. J.-L. Morhange. New York: Fordham University Press.
- Hämäläinen, N. and Lehtonen, T.-K. (2016). “Latour’s empirical metaphysics.” Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory 17(1): 20–37.
- Ingold, T. (2007). Lines: A brief history. London and New York: Routledge.
- Ingold, T. (2010). “Bringing Things to Life: Creative Entanglements in a World of Materials.” ESRC National Centre for Research Methods. NCRM Working Paper Series 05/10. http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/1306/1/0510_creative_entanglements.pdf.
- Ingold, T. (2011). Being Alive. Essays on Movement, Knowledge and Description. London: Routledge.
- Ingold, T. (2015). The Life of Lines. London and New York: Routledge.
- Jackson, P. T. and Nexon, D. H. (1999). “Relations Before States: Substance, Process and the Study of World Politics.” European Journal of International Relations 5(3): 291–332.
- Jallinoja, R. and Widmer, E. D. (eds) (2011). Families and kinship in contemporary Europe: Rules and practices of relatedness. Besingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Jung, C. G. (1985) Practice of Psychotherapy. Essays on the Psychology of Transference and Other Subjects. Second Edition, trans. R. F. C. Hull. The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Volume 16. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
- Kemple, T. (2018). Simmel. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Kennedy, J. B. (2003). Time, Space and Einstein: An Introduction. Chesham: Acumen.
- Kivinen, O. and Piiroinen, T. (2006). “Towards Pragmatist Methodological Relationalism: From Philosophizing Sociology to Sociologizing Philosophy.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 36(3): 303–329.
- Kivinen, O. and Piiroinen, T. (2013). “Human Transaction Mechanisms in Evolutionary Niches: A Methodological Relationist Standpoint”, in: Applying Relational Sociology: Relations, Networks, and Society, edited by F. Dépelteau, and C. Powell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 83–100.
- Klasche, B. (2021). Dealing with Global Crises: A Processual-Relational Approach to Studying and Governing Wicked Problems. Tallinn: Tallinn University. Dissertations on Social Sciences, 146.
- Larson, F.; Petch, A. and Zeitlyn, D. (2007). “Social Networks and the Creation of the Pitt Rivers Museum.” Journal of Material Culture 12(3): 211–239.
- Latour, B. (1986). “The powers of association”, in: Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge? edited by J. Law. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 264–280.
- Latour, B. (1996). “On actor-network-theory: A few clarifications.” Soziale Welt 47(4): 369–381.
- Latour, B. (1999). “On Recalling ANT”, in: Actor Network Theory and After, edited by J. Law, and J. Hassard. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 15–25.
- Latour, B. & Hermant, E. (2006). Paris: Invisible City. Trans. L. Carey-Libbrecht. Corrected February 2006 by V. Pihet. http://www.bruno-latour.fr/virtual/PARISINVISIBLE-GB.pdf. (The original printed version in French: Latour, and Hermant. 1998. Paris ville invisible. Paris: La D.vouverte-Les Empêcheurs de penser en rond.)
- Law, J. (2002). “Objects and spaces.” Theory, Culture & Society 19(5/6): 91–105.
- Liang, L. and Liu, S. (2018). “Beyond the Manifesto: Mustafa Emirbayer and Relational Sociology”, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Relational Sociology, edited by F. Dépelteau. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 395–411.
- Mesle, C. R. (2008). Process-Relational Philosophy: An Introduction to Alfred North Whitehead. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Press.
- Mische, A. (2011). “Relational Sociology, Culture, and Agency”, in: The Sage Handbook of Social Network Analysis, edited by J. Scott and P. Carrington. London: Sage Publications, pp. 80–98.
- Mol, A. (200)2. The body multiple. Ontology in medical practice. Durham: Duke University Press.
- Nelson, R. K. (1983). Make Prayers to the Raven: A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Newman, M.; Barabási, A.-L. and Watts, D. J. (eds) (2006). The Structure and Dynamics of Networks. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
- Olsen, B. (2010). In Defense of Things: Archaeology and the Ontology of Objects. Plymouth: Altamira Press.
- Papilloud, C. (2018a). Sociology Through Relation. Theoretical Assessments from the French Tradition. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Papilloud, C. (2018b). “Georg Simmel and Relational Sociology”, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Relational Sociology, edited by F. Dépelteau. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 201–215.
- Papilloud, C. (2018c). “Marcel Mauss, the Gift and Relational Sociology”, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Relational Sociology, edited by F. Dépelteau. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 663–675.
- Pietilä, K. (2011) Reason of Sociology: George Simmel and Beyond. London: Sage.
- Powell, C. (2013). “Radical Relationalism: A Proposal”, in: Conceptualizing Relational Sociology, edited by C. Powell, and F. Dépelteau (eds). New York: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 187–208.
- Powell, C. and Dépelteau, F. (eds) (2013). Conceptualizing Relational Sociology: Ontological and Theoretical Issues. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Prigogine, I. and Stengers, I. (1984). Order out of Chaos: Man’s New Dialogue with Nature. London: Heinemann.
- Pyyhtinen, O. (2010). Simmel and ‘the Social’. Basingstoke & New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Pyyhtinen, O. (2014). The Gift and its Paradoxes. Surrey: Ashgate.
- Pyyhtinen, O. (2015). More-than-Human Sociology: A New Sociological Imagination. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Pyyhtinen, O. (2016). The Real as Relation: Simmel as a Pioneer of Relational Sociology. In T. Kemple & O. Pyyhtinen (eds). The Anthem Companion to Georg Simmel. London and New York: Anthem Press, pp. 101–120.
- Pyyhtinen, O. (2017). The Simmelian Legacy: A Science of Relations. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Pyyhtinen, O. (2018). “Triangular Relations: Michel Serres on Parasites, Angels, Quasi-Objects, and the Virtual.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Relational Sociology, edited by F. Depelteau. Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke and New York, pp. 161–182.
- Pyyhtinen, O. (2021). “Friends of Relational Sociology? The Relational Current as a Space of Hospitality.” Digithum 26: 1–12. https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Digithum/article/view/n26-pyyhtinen/470881.
- Rescher, N. (1996). Process Metaphysics. An Introduction to Process Philosophy. New York: State University of New York Press.
- Roseneil, S and Ketokivi, K. (2016). “Relational Persons and Relational Processes: Developing the Notion of Relationality for the Sociology of Personal Life.” Sociology 50(1): 143–159.
- Rossi, G. and Carrà, E. (2017). “The Relational Approach and the Family.” Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika, 130: 7–23. DOI: 10.15388/STEPP.2016.13.10040.
- Ruggieri, D. (2016). La Sociologia Relazionale di Georg Simmel: La relazione come forma sociale vitale. Milano: Mimesis.
- Ruggieri, D. (2017). “Georg Simmel and the ‘Relational Turn’. Contributions to the Foundation of the Lebenssoziologie since Simmel”. Simmel Studies 21(1): 43–72.
- Ruggieri, D. (2020). “Relations, forms, and the representation of the social life: Georg Simmel and the challenge of relational sociology as Lebenssoziologie”, in: The Routledge International Handbook of Simmel Studies, edited by G. Fitzi. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 46–59.
- Scott, J. (2000). Social Network Analysis: A Handbook, London, Sage.
- Selg, P. (2016a). “Two Faces of the Relational Turn.” PS: Political Science & Politics 49(1): 27–31.
- Selg, P. (2016b). “The Fable of the Bs: Between Substantialism and Deep Relational Thinking About Power.” Journal of Political Power 9(2): 183–205.
- Selg, P. (2018). “Power and Relational Sociology”, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Relational Sociology, edited by F. Dépelteau. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 539–557.
- Selg, P. & Ventsel, A. (2020). Introducing Relational Political Analysis: Political Semiotics as a Theory and Method. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Sikic, M; Lancic, A.; Antulov-Fantulin, N. and Stefancic, H. (2013). “Epidemic centrality – is there an underestimated epidemic impact of network peripheral nodes?” European Physical Journal B. 86(10): 440. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2013-31025-5.
- Simmel, G. (1971). Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms. Selected Writings, edited by D.N. Levine. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
- Simmel, G. (1989). Philosophie des Geldes. GSG 6, edited by D. Frisby, and K.C. Köhnke. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
- Simmel, G. (1992). Soziologie: Untersuchungen über die Formen der Vergesellschaftung. GSG 11, edited by O. Rammstedt. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
- Simmel, G. (1993). Aufsätze und Abhandlungen 1901–1908 Band II. GSG 8, edited by A. Cavalli, and V. Krech. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
- Simmel, G. (1997). Simmel on Culture: Selected Writings, edited by D. Frisby, and M. Featherstone. London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi: Sage.
- Simmel, G. (1999). Der Krieg und die geistigen Entscheidungen; Grundfragen der Soziologie; Vom Wesen des historischen Verstehens; Der Konflikt der modernen Kultur; Lebensanschauung. GSG 16, edited by G. Fitzi, and O. Rammstedt. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
- Simmel, G. (2001). “Soziologie der Mahlzeit”, in: Aufsätze und Abhandlungen 1909–1918 Band I. GSG 12, edited by R. Kramme, and A. Rammstedt. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, pp. 140–147.
- Simmel, G. (2003). Goethe; Deutschlands innere Wandlung; Das Problem der historischen Zeit; Rembrandt. GSG15, edited by U. Kösser, H.-M. Kruckis, and O. Rammstedt. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
- Simmel, G. (2004). The Philosophy of Money. Third enlarged edition, trans. D. Frisby, and T. Bottomore. London and New York: Routledge.
- Simmel, G. (2005). Rembrandt. An Essay in the Philosophy of Art. Trans. A. Scott, and H. Staubmann. New York and London: Routledge.
- Simmel, G. (2010). The View of Life. Four Metaphysical Essays with Journal Aphorisms. Trans. J.A.Y. Andrews & D.N. Levine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Smith, C. (2010). What Is a Person? Rethinking Humanity, Social Life, and the Moral Good from the Person Up. Chicago & London: Chicago University Press.
- Somers, M. (1998). “‘We’re No Angels’: Realism, Rational Choice, and Relationality in Social Science.” American Journal of Sociology 104(3): 722–784.
- Strathern, M. (1996). “Cutting the Network.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 2(3): 517–535.
- Strathern, M. (2005). Kinship, Law and the Unexpected: Relatives Are Always a Surprise. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Strathern, M. (2020). Relations. An Anthropological Account. Durham: Duke University Press.
- Thacker, E. (2010). After Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Tilly, C. (2001). “Relational Origins of Inequality.” Anthropological Theory 1(3): 355–372.
- Toews, D. (2003). “The New Tarde: Sociology After the End of the Social.” Theory, Culture & Society 20(5): 81–98.
- Tonkonoff, S. (2018). “Sociology of Infinitesimal Difference. Gabriel Tarde’s Heritage”, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Relational Sociology, edited by F. Dépelteau. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Traue, B. (2017). “Relationale Sozialtheorie und die Materialität des Sozialen. ‚Kontaktmedien‘ als Vermittlungsinstanz zwischen Infrastruktur und Lebenswelt.” Soziale Welt 68 (2–3): 243–260.
- Vandenberghe, F. (2002). “Relativisme, relationisme, structuralisme.” Simmel Studies 12(1): 41–84.
- Vandenberghe, F. (2018). “The Relation as Magical Operator: Overcoming the Divide Between Relational and Processual Sociology”, in: The Palgrave Handbook of Relational Sociology, edited by F. Dépelteau. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 35–57.
- Wachtel, P. L. (2008). Relational Theory and the Practice of Psychotherapy. New York: The Guilford Press.
- Widmer, E. D. and Jallinoja, R. (eds) (2008). Beyond the nuclear family: families in a configurational perspective. Bern: Peter Lang.
- Wasserman, S. and Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Whitehead, A. N. ([1929] 1978). Process and Reality. Corrected edition. New York: Free Press.
- Whitehead, A. N. ([1934] 2011). Nature and Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Wolfe, A. W. (1978). “The rise of network thinking in anthropology.” Social Networks 1(1): 53–64.
10.7202/1041336ar