Résumés
Résumé
La fréquence des épidémies de fièvres hémorragiques à virus Ebola ou Marburg constatée en Afrique Centrale est en augmentation depuis une dizaine d’années. Une vigilance accrue permet de détecter très précocement la plupart de ces épidémies, mais une quarantaine stricte reste le seul moyen de lutter contre ces virus : en effet, il n’existe à ce jour ni vaccin, ni traitement utilisable chez l’homme, même si la recherche progresse. Cet article fait le point sur deux résultats récents. Le premier est la découverte du mécanisme par lequel la glycoprotéine de surface du virus Ebola est activée pour réaliser la fusion des membranes virale et cellulaire : il s’agit d’un clivage protéolytique médié par des protéases endosomales, et cette découverte pourrait avoir des applications thérapeutiques. Le second résultat concerne la réussite d’essais vaccinaux chez le singe, un succès encourageant pour le développement de vaccins chez l’homme.
Summary
Ebola and Marburg viruses are the causative agents of rapidly progressive hemorrhagic fevers with high mortality rates. Pre- or post-exposure treatments against the diseases are currently not available for human use. In the field, establishment of strict quarantine measures preventing further virus transmission are still the only way to fight the infections. However, our knowledge of Ebola and Marburg viruses has markedly increased as a result of two recent discoveries discussed in this review. Chandran et al. have elucidated the mechanism by which Ebola GP is converted to a fusion-active form. Infectivity of Ebola virus was shown to be dependent on the cleavage of GP by cellular endosomal proteases, cathepsin B and L, thus opening new therapeutic approaches options. As for Jones SM et al., they have successfully vaccinated monkeys with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing Ebola or Marburg virus surface glycoprotein GP, a promising vaccine approach.
Parties annexes
Références
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