Résumés
Résumé
Les retards mentaux liés au chromosome X (RMLX), qui touchent 1,8 garçons pour 1 000 naissances masculines, sont classiquement divisés en formes syndromiques et formes non spécifiques, selon la présence ou non de signes particuliers associés au retard mental. L’extrême hétérogénéité phénotypique et allélique, parfois visible au sein d’une même famille, complique toutefois cette classification. L’évaluation rétrospective appronfondie des familles atteintes, une fois la mutation identifiée dans un gène, devrait aider à clarifier la situation et faciliter la prise en charge du diagnostic moléculaire de ces retards mentaux. L’analyse des protéines produites par les 60 gènes de RMLX actuellement identifiés montre une grande diversité des fonctions biologiques affectées dans le retard mental. Dans cette revue, nous présenterons les données récentes concernant trois gènes, FMR1, ARX et le gène de l’oligophrénine 1, qui non seulement illustrent la complexité des RMLX, mais soulignent aussi l’importance des voies de signalisation impliquées dans la régulation de l’expression génique, ainsi que celles relayées pas les GTPases Rho dans la maturation et la plasticité neuronale.
Summary
X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) affects 1.8 ‰ male births and is usually categorized as “syndromic” (MRXS) or “non-specific” (MRX) forms according to the presence or absence of specific signs in addition to the MR. Up to 60 genes have been implicated in XLMR and certain mutations can alternatively lead to MRXS or MRX. Indeed the extreme phenotypic and allelic heterogeneity of XLMR makes the classification of most genes difficult. Therefore, following identification of new genes, accurate retrospective clinical evaluation of patients and their families is necessary to aid the molecular diagnosis and the classification of this heterogeneous group of disorders. Analyses of the protein products corresponding to XLMR genes show a great diversity of cellular pathways involved in MR. Common mechanisms are beginning to emerge : a first group of proteins belongs to the Rho and Rab GTPase signaling pathways involved in neuronal differentiation and synaptic plasticity and a second group is related to the regulation of gene expression. In this review, we illustrate the complexity of XLMR conditions and present recent data about the FMR1, ARX and Oligophrenin 1 genes.
Parties annexes
Références
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