Résumés
Résumé
L’incidence du cancer de la prostate, cancer le plus fréquent après l’âge de 50 ans, varie selon les pays. Les seuls facteurs de risque identifiés avec certitude sont l’origine ethnique et les antécédents familiaux d’un cancer du même type. Les formes familiales sont observées dans environ 20 % des cas, et une transmission héréditaire est retrouvée dans 5 % des cas. Six locus de prédisposition sont connus, mais d’autres restent à identifier. L’hétérogénéité génétique de la prédisposition au cancer de la prostate est associée à la diversité de l’origine ethnogéographique des familles. Dans certaines formes familiales, l’association d’un cancer de la prostate à un autre type de cancer suggère l’existence de gènes de prédisposition communs. Les autres formes familiales et sporadiques impliqueraient un mode d’hérédité polygénique ou multifactoriel. Ainsi, certains polymorphismes génétiques ont été associés à un risque individuel accru de cancers de la prostate et pourraient expliquer les importantes variations d’incidence.
Summary
Prostate cancer is the most frequent malignant tumor among men over 50 years old. Its incidence varies according to countries and ethnic group. Known risk factors are race and positive family history of the disease. Familial aggregation (at least 2 cases in the family) is observed in about 20 % of cases and an hereditary form of prostate cancer in 5 %. This proportion increases with younger age at diagnosis. Six putative loci are already identified but undoubtedly, others will be found in forthcoming studies. The genetic heterogeneity observed in hereditary prostate cancer reflects variety of origins of the studied families. In some families, agreggation of prostate cancer and other cancers suggests the involvement of common predisposing genes. In other familial and in sporadic cases, the genetic component should be polygenic : prostate cancer wouldn’t result to segregation of a major gene mutations transmitted according to a monogenic inheritance, but rather to sharing of alleles at many loci, each contributing to a small increase in cancer risk. Indeed, several genetic polymorphism were associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer and could explain the variations of prostate cancer incidence observed between populations.
Parties annexes
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