Résumés
Abstract
This paper argues that history educators and teachers are uniquely implicated in the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s Calls to Action through their responsibility to teach Indigenous and Canadian history, including the injustices of settler colonialism. After examining the politics of Canada’s ongoing truth and reconciliation process, this paper articulates three conceptual challenges for history education in pursuit of reconciliation: narrativity, temporality, and identity. This paper concludes by suggesting possible pedagogical opportunities for each of these challenges, taking into consideration a historical thinking approach to teaching and learning now embedded in most provincial and territorial curricula.
Keywords:
- truth and reconciliation,
- history education,
- historical thinking,
- historical injustice,
- settler colonialism,
- vérité et réconciliation,
- enseignement de l’histoire,
- réflexion historique,
- injustice historique,
- colonialisme
Résumé
Cet article soutient que les professeurs et enseignants en histoire jouent un rôle unique dans la mise en oeuvre des appels à l’action formulés dans le cadre de la Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada en enseignant l’histoire autochtone et canadienne ainsi que les injustices perpétrées par le colonialisme. Suite à l’analyse des politiques canadiennes en termes de processus de vérité et réconciliation, nous abordons dans cet article trois défis conceptuels de l’enseignement de l’histoire dans la recherche de la réconciliation : la narrativité, la temporalité et l’identité. Nous terminons l’article en présentant des pistes pédagogiques potentielles pour chacun de ces défis, prenant en considération une approche de pensée historique en lien avec l’enseignement et l’apprentissage maintenant intégrée dans la plupart des programmes provinciaux et territoriaux.
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Alfred, T. (2009). Restitution is the real pathway to justice for Indigenous peoples. In G. Younging, J. Dewar, & M. DeGagné (Eds.), Response, responsibility, and renewal: Canada’s truth and reconciliation journey (pp. 179-190). Ottawa, ON: Aboriginal Healing Foundation.
- Alfred, T., & Corntassel, J. (2005). Being Indigenous: Resurgences against contemporary colonialism. Government and Opposition, 40(4), 597-614.
- Anderson, S. (2017). The stories nations tell: Sites of pedagogy, historical consciousness, and national narratives. Canadian Journal of Education, 40(1), 1-38.
- Barkan, E. (2000). The guilt of nations: Restitution and negotiating historical injustices. New York, NY: Norton Press.
- Britzman, D. P. (1998). Lost subjects, contested objects: Toward a psychoanalytic inquiry of learning. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
- Bryce, P. H. (1907). Report on the Indian schools of Manitoba and the North-West Territories. Ottawa, ON: Government Printing Bureau. Retrieved from http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/bibliography/3024.html
- Cannon, M. (2018). Teaching and learning reparative education in settler colonial and post-TRC Canada. Canadian Journal of Native Education, 40(1), 164-181.
- Clark, P. (2007). Representations of Aboriginal people in English Canadian history textbooks: Toward reconciliation. In E. Cole (Ed.), Teaching the violent past: History education and reconciliation (pp. 81-120). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Cole, E. A. (2007). Teaching the violent past: History education and reconciliation. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Corntassel, J. (2012). Re-envisioning resurgence: Indigenous pathways to decolonization and sustainable self-determination. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, 1(1), 86-101.
- Coulthard, G. S. (2014). Red skin, white masks: Rejecting the colonial politics of recognition. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
- Denis, J. S., & Bailey, K. A. (2016). You can’t have reconciliation without justice: How non-Indigenous participants in Canada’s truth and reconciliation process understand their roles and goals. In S. Maddison, T. Clark, & R. de Costa, (Eds.), The limits of settler colonial reconciliation (pp. 137-158). Singapore: Springer.
- Dion, S. (2007). Disrupting molded images: Identities, responsibilities and relationships — teachers and indigenous subject material. Teaching Education, 18(4), 329-342.
- Dion, S. (2009). Braiding histories: Learning from Aboriginal peoples’ experiences and perspectives. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
- Donald, D. (2009). Forts, curriculum, and Indigenous Métissage: Imagining decolonization of Aboriginal Canadian relations in educational contexts. First Nations Perspectives, 2(1), 1-24.
- Editorial, (2017, April 3). Globe and Mail. Indigenous peoples, and the need for a way forward made in Canada. Retrieved from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/editorials/indigenous-peoples-and-the-need-for-a-way-forward-made-in-canada/article34568640/
- Government of Canada. (2010). Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools [Speech]. Retrieved from http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100015644/1100100015649
- Henderson, J. & Wakeham, P. (2013). Reconciling Canada: Critical perspectives on the culture of redress. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
- Lévesque, S. (2016, September 15). History in an age of “truth and reconciliation.” Public History Weekly, 4(29). Retrieved from https://public-history-weekly.degruyter.com/4-2016-29/truth-and-reconciliation/
- Marker, M. (2011). Teaching history from an Indigenous perspective. In P. Clark (Ed.), New possibilities for the past: Shaping history education in Canada (pp. 98-112). Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
- Matsunaga, J. (2016). Two faces of transitional justice: Theorizing the incommensurability of transitional justice and decolonization in Canada. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, 5(1), 24-44.
- McGregor, H. (2017). One classroom, two teachers: Historical thinking and Indigenous education in Canada. Critical Education, 8(14), 1-18.
- Nagy, R. (2013). The scope and bounds of transitional justice and the Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 7(1), 52-73.
- Neumann, K., & Thompson, J. (2015). Historical justice and memory. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.
- Ng-A-Fook, N., & Milne, R. (2014). Unsettling our narrative encounters within and outside of Canadian social studies. Canadian Social Studies, 47(2), 88-109.
- Office of the Premier. (2016, May 30). Speech: Ontario’s commitment to reconciliation with Indigenous people [Speech]. Retrieved from https://news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2016/05/ontarios-commitment-to-reconciliation-with-indigenous-peoples.html
- Osborne, K. (2011). Teaching Canadian history: A century of debate. In P. Clark (Ed.), New possibilities for the past: Shaping history education in Canada (pp. 55-80). Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
- Paulson, J. (2015). ‘Whether and how?’ History education about recent and ongoing conflict: A review of research. Journal on Education in Emergencies, 1(1), 14-47.
- Peritz, I. (2017, April 11). CBC says it didn’t mean to offend with history series Canada: The Story of Us. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/cbc-apologizes-after-canadian-history-series-sparks-uproar-in-quebec-maritimes/article34666160/
- Really Harper, Canada has no history of colonialism? (2009, September 28). Vancouver Sun. Retrieved from http://vancouversun.com/news/community-blogs/really-harper-canada-has-no-history-of-colonialism
- Reconciliation Canada. (2017). National narrative on reconciliation report [Report]. Retrieved from http://reconciliationcanada.ca/resources/national-narrative-report-on-reconciliation/
- Regan, P. (2010). Unsettling the settler within: Indian residential schools, truth telling, and reconciliation in Canada. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
- Seixas, P. (2012). Indigenous historical consciousness: An oxymoron or a dialogue? In M. Carretero, M. Ascensio, & M. Rodrígue-Moneo (Eds.), History education and the construction of national identities (pp. 125-138). Charlotte, NC: Information Age.
- Seixas, P. (2017). A model of historical thinking. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 49(6), 593-605.
- Short, D. (2005). Reconciliation and the problem of internal colonialism. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 26(3), 267-282.
- Simon, R. I. (2005). The touch of the past: Remembrance, learning, and ethics. New York, NY: Palgrave-Macmillan.
- Simon, R. I. (2013). Worrying together: The problematics of listening and the educative responsibilities of Canada’s TRC. In J. Henderson & P. Wakeham (Eds.), Reconciling Canada: Critical perspectives on the culture of redress (pp. 129-142). Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
- Stanley, T. (2006). Whose public? Whose memory?: Racisms, grand narratives, and Canadian history. In R. Sandwell (Ed.), To the past: History education, public memory, and citizenship in Canada (pp. 32-49). Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
- Tasker, J. (2017, March 8). Conservative senator defends ‘well intentioned’ residential school system. CBC News. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/residential-school-system-well-intentioned-conservative-senator-1.4015115
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC). (2015a). Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: Summary of the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada [Report]. Retrieved from http://nctr.ca/assets/reports/Final%20Reports/Executive_Summary_English_Web.pdf
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC). (2015b). Calls to Action [Report]. Retrieved from http://nctr.ca/assets/reports/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf
- Tuck, E., & Yang, K. W. (2012). Decolonization is not a metaphor. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, 1(1), 1-40.
- Tupper, J. (2014). The possibilities of reconciliation through difficult dialogues: Treaty education as peacebuilding. Curriculum Inquiry, 44(4), 469-488.
- Turner, D. (2013). On the idea of reconciliation in contemporary aboriginal politics. In J. Henderson & P. Wakeham (Eds.), Reconciling Canada: Critical perspectives on the culture of redress (pp. 100-114). Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
- Walters, H. (2015, June 1). Truth and Reconciliation chair urges Canada to adopt UN declaration on Indigenous Peoples. CBC News. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/truth-and-reconciliation-chair-urges-canada-to-adopt%20undeclaration-on-indigenous-peoples-1.3096225
- Wolfe, P. (2006). Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native. Journal of Genocide Research, 8(4), 387-409.
- Zembylas, M. & Bekerman, Z. (2008). Education and the dangerous memories of historical trauma: Narratives of pain, narratives of hope. Curriculum Inquiry, 38(2), 125-154.