Résumés
Résumé
Grâce aux réseaux sociaux virtuels, les jeunes ont fait du cyberespace un milieu d’interaction privilégié. Loin du regard des adultes, les jeunes peuvent s’exprimer librement. Ils sont toutefois plus vulnérables aux conséquences des dynamiques de cyberintimidation. Cet article offre une description du phénomène dans ses formes et son ampleur et expose différents profils d’élèves impliqués dans ces dynamiques agressives en ligne. En plus de dresser un portrait de mesures d’intervention impliquant l’école, la famille et la communauté, plusieurs aspects de la cyberintimidation sont discutés, dont sa dimension légale et sa relation avec les conduites d’intimidation face à face.
Abstract
Since the advent of online social networks, youth have made cyberspace their home and favoured interactive environment. Away from the adult’s gaze, they have a greater opportunity for free speech but are also more vulnerable to cyberbullying and its consequences. This article describes the nature and scale of this social issue and presents different profiles of students involved in online harassment. It also discusses school-based interventions with the collaboration of the family and community, the legal aspect of cyberbullying prevention, and its relation with traditional face-to-face intimidation.
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Accordino, D. et Accordino, M. (2011). An exploratory study of face-to-face and cyberbullying in sixth grade students. American Secondary Education, 40(1), 14-30.
- Agatston, P. W., Kowalski, R. et Limber, S. P. (2007). Students’ perspectives on cyber bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), S59-S60.
- Bauman, S. et Newman, M. L. (2013). Testing assumptions about cyberbullying: Perceived distress associated with acts of conventional and cyber bullying. Psychology of Violence, 2(2), 27-38.
- Bhat, S. (2008). Cyberbullying: Overview and strategies for school counsellors, guidance officers, and all school personnel. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 18(1), 53-66.
- Bowen, F. et Desbiens, N. (2004). La prévention de la violence en milieu scolaire au Québec, réflexion sur la recherche et le développement de pratiques efficaces. Éducation et francophonie, 32(1), 69-86.
- Butler, D., Kift, S., Campbell, A., Slee, P. T. et Spears, B. (2011). School policy responses to cyberbullying: An Australian legal perspective. International Journal of Law and Education, 16(2), 7-28.
- Campbell, A. (2005). Cyber bullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 15(1), 68-76.
- Campbell, A. (2011). Cyberbullying: A threat to student mental health and wellbeing. Dans R. H. Shute, P. T. Slee, R. Murray-Harvey et K. L. Dix (dir.), Mental health and wellbeing: Educational perspectives (pp. 91-101). Woodcroft, SA : Shannon Research Press.
- Cappadocia, M. C., Craig, W. M. et Pepler, D. (2013). Cyberbullying prevalence, stability, and risk factors during adolescence. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 28(2), 171-192.
- Cooper, R. et Blumfeld, W. (2012). Responses to cyberbullying: A descriptive analysis of the frequency of and impact on LGBT and allied youth. Journal of LGBT Youth, 9, 153-177.
- Couvillon, M. A. et Ilieva, V. (2011). Recommended practices: A review of schoolwide preventative programs and strategies on cyberbullying. Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 55(2), 96-101.
- Craig, W., Pepler, D. J. et Blais, J. (2007). Responding to bullying: What works. School Psychology International, 28, 465-477.
- Davidson, L. et Demaray, M. (2007). Social support as moderator between victimization and internalizing-externalizing distress from bullying. School Psychology Review, 36, 383-405.
- Del Rey, R., Elipe, P. et Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2012). Bullying and cyberbullying: Overlapping and predictive value of the co-occurrence. Psicothema, 24(4), 608-613.
- Dempsey, A. G., Sulkowski, M. L., Dempsey, J. et Storch, E. A. (2011). Has cyber technology produced a new group of peer aggressors? Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(5), 297-302.
- Desmet, A., Bastiaensens, S., Van Cleemput, K., Poels, K., Vandebosch, H. et De Bourdeaudhui, I. (2012). Mobilizing bystanders of cyberbullying: An exploratory study into behavioural determinants of defending the victim. Studies in Health Technologies and Informatics, 181, 58-63.
- Gini, G., Albiero, P., Benelli, B. et Altoe, G. (2007). Determinants of adolescents’ active defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 93-105.
- Graeff, E. (2012). Tweens, cyberbullying, and moral reasoning: Separating the upstanders from the bystanders. GoodWork project report series, 76. Repéré à http://www.thegoodproject.org/pdf/76-Tweens-Cyberbullying-And-Moral-Reasoning.pdf.
- Hinduja, S., et Patchin, J. W. (2007). Offline consequences of online victimization: School violence and delinquency. Journal of School Violence, 6(3), 89-112.
- Hinduja, S. et Patchin, J. W. (2011). Cyberbullying: A review of the legal issues facing educators. Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 55(2), 71-78.
- Isaacs, J., Hodges, E. V. et Salmivalli, C. (2008). Long-term consequences of victimization: A follow-up from adolescence to young adulthood. European Journal of Developmental Science, 2, 387-397.
- Janosz, M., Pascal, S., et Bouthillier, C. (2009). La violence perçue et subie dans les écoles secondaires publiques québécoises : portrait de multiples échantillons d’écoles entre 1999 et 2005. Montréal, QC : Université de Montréal, Groupe de recherche sur les environnements scolaires (GRES).
- Jose, P. E., Kljakovic, M., Scheib, E., et Notter, O. (2011). The joint development of traditional bullying and victimization with cyber bullying and victimization in adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22(2), 301-309.
- Leadbeater, B. J., Banister, E. M., Ellis, W. E., et Yeung, R. (2007). Victimization and relational aggression in adolescent romantic relationships: The influence of parental and peer behaviors, and individual adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 359-372.
- Li, Q. (2006). Cyberbullying in schools: A research of gender differences. School Psychology International, 27, 157-170.
- Li, Q. (2007). New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(4), 1777-1791.
- Li, Q. (2008). A cross-cultural comparison of adolescents’ experience related to cyberbullying. Educational Research, 50, 223–234.
- Li, Q. (2010). Cyberbullying in high schools: A study of students’ behaviors and beliefs about this new phenomenon. Journal of Aggression,Maltreatment & Trauma, 19(4), 372-392.
- Li, Q., Smith, P. K. et Cross, D. (2012). Research into cyberbullying: Context. Dans Q. Li, P. K. Smith et D. Cross (dir.), Cyberbullying in the global playground: Research from international perspectives (pp. 1-12). Chichester, Royaume-Uni : Wiley-Blackwell.
- Ma, L., Phelps, E., Lerner, J. V. et Lerner, R. M. (2009). Academic competence for adolescents who bully and who are bullied. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 29, 862-893.
- Mason, K. L. (2008). Cyberbullying: A preliminary assessment for school personnel. Psychology in Schools, 45(4), 323-348.
- Menesini, E. (2012). Cyberbullying: The right value of the phenomenon. Comments on the paper “Cyberbullying: An overrated phenomenon?”. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5), 544-552.
- Mishna, F., Cook, C., Gadalla, T., Daciuk, J. et Solomon, S. (2010). Cyber bullying behaviours among middle and high school students. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(3), 362-374.
- Mishna, F., Khoury-Kassabri, M., Gadalla, T. et Daciuk, J. (2011). Risk factors for involvement in cyber bullying: Victims, bullies and bully-victims. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 63-70.
- Modecki, K. L., Barber, B. L. et Vernon, L. (2013). Mapping developmental precursors of cyber-aggression: Trajectories of risk predict perpetration and victimization. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 42(5), 651-661.
- Nishina, A. et Juvonen, J. (2005). Daily reports of witnessing and experiencing peer harassment in middle school. Child Development, 76, 435-450.
- Olweus, D. (2012). Cyberbullying: An overrated phenomenon? European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5), 520-538.
- Patchin, J. W. et Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 123-147.
- Paul, S., Smith, P. K., et Blumberg, H. (2012). Revisiting cyberbullying in schools using the quality circle approach. School Psychology International, 33(5), 492-504.
- Pearce, N., Cross, D., Monks, H., Waters, S. et Falconer, S. (2012). Current evidence of best practice in whole-school bullying intervention and its potential to inform cyberbullying interventions. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 21, 1-21.
- Pew Research Center, (2010) Génération 2010. Repéré à http://www.pewinternet.org/files/old-media//Files/Reports/2010/PIP_Generations_and_Tech10.pdf
- Putallaz, M., Grimes, L. C., Foster, J. K., Kupersmidt, J. B., Coie, J. D. et Dearing, K. (2007). Overt and relational aggression and victimization: Multiple perspectives within the school setting. Journal of School Psychology, 45, 523-547.
- Rutter, A. et Hine, D. W. (2005). Sex differences in workplace aggression: An investigation of moderation and mediation effects. Aggressive Behavior, 31, 254-270.
- Sahin, M. (2012). The relationship between the cyberbullying / cybervictmization and loneliness among adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 834-837.
- Salmivalli, C. (2010). Bullying and the peer group: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 112-120.
- Schneider, S. K., O’Donnell, L., Stueve, A. et Coulter, R. (2012). Cyberbullying, school bullying, and psychological distress: A regional census of high school students. American Journal of Public Health, 102(1), 171-177
- Shariff, S. (2005). Cyber-dilemmas in the new millennium: School obligations to provide student safety in a virtual school environment. McGill Journal of Education, 40(3), 457-477.
- Shariff, S. et Hoff, D. (2007). Cyberbullying: Clarifying legal boundaries for school supervision in cyberspace. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 1, 76-118.
- Smith, P. K. (2012). Cyberbullying: Challenges and opportunities for a research program — A response to Olweus (2012). European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5), 553-558.
- Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S. et Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impacts in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 376-385.
- Smith, P. K., Pepler, D. et Rigby, K. (2004). Bullying in schools: How successful can interventions be? Cambridge, Royaume-Uni : University of Cambridge.
- Sontag, L., Clemans, K., Graber, J. et Lyndon, S. (2011). Traditional and cyber aggressors and victims: A comparison of psychosocial characteristics. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 40, 392-404.
- Stewart, D. M. et Fritsch, E. J. (2011). School and law enforcement efforts to combat cyberbullying. Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 55(2), 79-87.
- Sticca, F., Ruggieri, S, Alsaker, F. et Perren, S. (2013). Longitudinal risk factors for cyberbullying in adolescence. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 23, 52-67.
- Strom, P. S. et Strom, R. D. (2005). Cyberbullying by adolescents: A preliminary assessment. The Educational Forum, 70, 21-32.
- Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 277-287.
- Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Munniksma, A. et Dijkstra, J. K. (2010). The complex relation between bullying, victimization, acceptance, and rejection: Giving special attention to status, affection, and sex differences. Child Development, 81(2), 480-486.
- Wade, A. et Beran, T. (2011). Cyberbullying: The new era of bullying. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 26(1), 44-61.
- Wei, H.-S. et Jonson-Reid, M. (2010). Friends can hurt you: Examining the coexistence of friendship and bullying among early adolescents. School Psychology International, 32(3), 244-262.
- Willard, N. (2005). Cyberbullying and cyberthreats. Paper presented at the OSDFS National Conference, Washington, DC.
- Wilton, C. et Campbell, M. A. (2011). An exploration of the reasons why adolescents engage in traditional and cyber bullying. Journal of Educational Sciences & Psychology, 1(2), 101-109.
- Ybarra, M. et Mitchell, K. (2004). Online aggressor / targets, aggressors and targets: A comparison of associated youth characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(7), 1308-1306.
10.7202/1079116ar