Résumés
Résumé
Quelles approches en matière de politiques publiques sont préférées par les PME pour soutenir leurs actions de responsabilité sociale ? Ces préférences diffèrent-elles selon les pays ? Une enquête auprès de 300 PME en France et au Québec montre qu’elles préfèrent les approches accompagnatrices aux approches coercitives. Les PME des deux régions réagissent de façon assez semblable à la majorité des politiques qui leur sont présentées, quoique les PME québécoises semblent mieux accepter les approches coercitives et sont plus sensibles aux incitatifs financiers que les PME françaises. Ces différences sont analysées sous l’angle des particularités culturelles des pays.
Mots-clés :
- Responsabilité sociale,
- développement durable,
- politiques publiques,
- PME,
- nouvelle gouvernance,
- cultures nationales
Abstract
Which public policies approaches do SMEs prefer to support their social responsibility actions? Are there differences between countries? A study based on 300 SMEs in France and Quebec shows that they prefer supportive rather than coercive approaches. SMEs in both regions react in a similar manner to the majority of policies they were presented with. Quebec SMEs, however, seem to better accept coercive approaches and are more sensitive to financial incentives compared to French SMEs. These differences are analysed based on the cultural specificities of each country.
Keywords:
- Social responsibility,
- sustainable development,
- public policies,
- SMEs,
- new governance,
- national cultures
Resumen
¿Qué tipo de enfoques en cuanto a las políticas públicas prefieren las PyMEs para apoyar sus acciones de responsabilidad social corporativa? ¿Difieren estas preferencias entre los países? Un estudio de 300 PyMEs en Francia y Quebec indica que prefieren medidas de acompañamiento a medidas coercitivas. En ambas regiones, las PyMEs opinan casi igual, aunque las quebequenses parecen aceptar las políticas coercitivas y responder mrjor a los incentivos financieros que las francesas. Estas diferencias han sido analizadas desde el punto de vista de las particularidades culturales de los países.
Palabras clave:
- Responsabilidad social corporativa,
- desarrollo sostenible,
- políticas públicas,
- PYME,
- nueva gobernanza,
- culturas nacionales
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Alberada, Laura L.; Lozano, Josep; Ysa, Tamyko (2007). « Public Policies on corporate social responsibility : the role of governments in Europe », Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 74, p. 391-407.
- Annandale, David; Taplin, Ross; Wallington, Tabatha (2004). « Company response to environmental regulation », Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, vol. 6, n° 2, p. 107-130.
- Barmeyer, Christophe (2006). « Styles d’apprentissage et management interculturel : Une étude comparée France – Allemagne – Québec. Management International, vol. 10, n°4, p. 1-14.
- Benko, Georges; Lipietz, Alain (1995). « De la régulation des espaces aux espaces de régulations », dans Boyer, R. et Y. Saillard (sous la direction de), Théorie de la régulation : L’état des savoirs, Éditions la Découverte, Chapitre 29, p. 209-303.
- Bingham, Lisa B.; Nabatchi, Tina.; O’Leary, Rosemary (2005). « The new governance : practices and processes for stakeholder and citizen participation in the work of government », Public Administration Review, vol. 65, n° 5, p. 547-558.
- Brammer, Stephen; Hoejmose, Stefan.; Millington, Andrew. (2011). « Managing sustainable global supply chains. A systematic review of the body of knowledge ». Network for Business Sustainability, disponible à : http://nbs.net/wp-content/uploads/NBS-Systematic-Review-Supply-Chains.pdf (consulté le 1er février 2015).
- Bradford, Jaryn; Fraser, Evan D.G. (2008). « Identifying effective policy instruments to reduce energy use and carbon emissions », Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, vol. 15, n° 3, p. 156-172.
- Bonache, Adrien B; Chapellier, Philippe; Hamadi, Zouhour Ben; Mohammed, Abdallah. (2015). Management International, vol. 19, n°3, 148-168.
- Camison, César (2010). « Effects of coercive regulation versus voluntary and cooperative auto-regulation on environmental adaptation and performance : Empicial evidence in Spain », European Management Journal, vol. 28, p. 346-361.
- Capron, Michel; Petit, Pascal (2011). « Responsabilité sociale des entreprises et diversités des capitalismes », Revue de la Régulation : Capitalisme, Institutions, Pouvoirs, vol. 10, n° 1, 23 p.
- Carroll, Archie (1979). « A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance », Academy of Management Review, vol. 4, n° 4, p. 497-505.
- Chen, Stephen; Bouvain Petra (2009). « Is corporate responsibility converging ? A comparison of corporate responsibility reporting in the USA, UK, Australia, and Germany », Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 87, supplement 1, 299-317.
- Clemens, Bruce (2006). « Economic incentives and small firms : Does it pay to be green ? », Journal of Business Research, vol. 59, n° 4, p. 492-500.
- Courrent, J. M., & Gundolf, K. (2009). « Proximity and micro-enterprise manager’s ethics : A French empirical study of responsible business attitudes », Journal of Business Ethics, vol.88, n° 4, p. 749-762.
- DelBaldo, Mara. (2009). « Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance in Italian SMEs : the experience of some « spirited businesses » ». Journal of Management and Governance, vol. 16, no 1, p. 1-36.
- Fernández-Viñé, Maria B.; Gomez-Navarro, Tomas; Capuz-Rizo, Salvador F. (2013). « Assessment of the public administration tools for the improvement of the eco-efficiency of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises », Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 47 (May), p. 265-273.
- Fisher, Kyla; Geenen, Jessica; Jurcevic, Marie; McClintock, Katya; Davis, Glynn (2009). « Applying asset-based community development as a strategy for CSR : a Canadian perspective on a win-win for stakeholders and SMEs », Business Ethics : A European Review, vol. 18, no 1, p. 66-82.
- Fox, Tom; Ward, Halina; Howard, Bruce (2002). Public Sector Roles in Strengthening Corporate Social Responsibility : A baseline study, Washington, D.C : World Bank Group.
- Gadenne, David; Kennedy, Jessica; Mckeiver, Catherine. (2009). « An Empirical Study of Environmental Awareness and Practices in SMEs », Journal of Business Ethics, vol.84, n°1 p. 45-63.
- Gasse, Yvon; Tremblay, Maripier (2011). « Entrepreneurial belief and intentions : A cross-cultural study of university students in seven countries ». International Journal of Business, vol. 16, n°4, p. 303-314.
- Gjølberg, Maria (2011). « The political economy of corporate social responsibility (CSR) », Dissertation submitted for the degree of PhD in Political Science, University of Oslo, 193 p.
- Gond, Jean-Pascal.; Moon, Jeremy; Kang, Nahee (2011). « The government of self-regulation : on the comparative dynamics of corporate social responsibility », Economy and Society, vol. 40, n° 4, p. 640-671.
- Greiner, Larry E. (1972). « Evolution and revolution as organizations grow », Harvard Business Review, vol. 50, n°4, p. 37-46.
- Ho, Foo N.; Wang, Hui-Ming D.; Vitell, Scott J. (2012). « A global analysis of corporate social performance : The effects of cultural and geographic environments ». Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 107, no 4, p. 423-433.
- Hofstede, Geert (1980). Culture’s Consequences : International differences in work-related values, Beverly Hills, CA, Sage, 328 p.
- Geert Hofstede (2001). Culture’s Consequences : Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations. Second Edition, Thousand Oaks CA : Sage Publications.
- Hofstede, Geert; Hofstede, Gert Jan; Minkov, Michael (2010). Cultures and Organizations : Software of the Mind, Revised and expanded 3rd edition, New York, USA : McGraw-Hill.
- Industrie Canada (2013). Principales statistiques relatives aux petites entreprises, Direction générale de la petite entreprise, 29 p.
- Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (2016). Les entreprises en France, INSEE Références, 216 p.
- Jamali, Dima; Neville, Ben (2011). « Convergence versus divergence of CSR in developing countries : an embedded multi-layered institutional lens », Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 102, p. 599-621.
- Jämsä, Päivi; Tähtinen, Jaana; Ryan, Annmarie; Pallari, Maarit. (2011). « Sustainable SMEs network utilization : the case of food enterprises », Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol. 18, n°1, 141-156.
- Jenkins, Heledd (2004). « A critique of conventional CSR theory : an SME perspective », Journal of General Management, vol. 29, n° 4, p. 37-57.
- Knudsen, Jette S.; Moon, Jeremy; Slager, Rieneke (2013). « Government Policies for Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe : A Comparative Analysis of Institutionalisation », Policy and Politics, 19 p.
- Knudsen, Jette S.; Brown, Dana (2015). « Why governments intervene : Exploring mixed motives for public policies on corporate social responsibility », Public Policy and Administration, vol. 20, n° 1, p. 51-72.
- Koos, S. (2012). « The institutional embeddedness of social responsibility : a multilevel analysis of smaller firms’ civic engagement in Wester Europe », Socio-Economic Review, vol. 10, no 1. p. 135-162.
- Kreiser, Patrick M., Marino, Louis D., Dickson, Pat, Weaver K. Mark (2010). « Cultural influences on entrepreneurial orientation : the impact of national culture on risk taking and proactiveness in SMEs », Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice, vol. 34, n° 5, p. 959-984
- Labelle, F., Spence, M. et J.-M. Courrent. (2016) « A practice-based typology of sustainable SMEs : development of a sustainability compass ». Revue de l’Organisation Responsable, vol. 2, no 11, p 5-23.
- Labelle, F. et J. St-Pierre. (2015). « La conjugaison des facteurs contextuels, organisationnels et individuels comme déterminant de la sensibilité des PME au sujet du développement durable ». Revue Internationale PME, vol. 28, no 1, p. 157-189.
- Laurent, André (1983). « The cultural diversity of western conceptions of management », International Studies of Management and Organizations, vol. 13, n° 1–2, p. 75–96.
- LeGalès, Patrick (1995). « Du gouvernement des villes à la gouvernance urbaine », Revue française des sciences politiques, vol. 45, n° 1, p. 57-95.
- Lepoutre, Jan; Henne Aimé (2006). « Investigating the impact of firm size on small business social responsibility : A critical review », Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 67, n° 3, p. 257-273.
- Luczak, Cheryl, Mohan-Neill, Sumario, Hills, Gerald (2010). « National culture, market orientation and network derived benefits : conceptual model for service SME’s », Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, vol. 16, n° 2, p. 1-20.
- Matten, Dirk; Moon, Jeremy (2008). « Implicit and Explicit CSR : A conceptual framework for a comparative understanding of corporate social responsibility ». Academy of Management Review, vol. 33, n° 2, p. 404-424.
- Midttun, Atle; Gjølberg, Maria; Kourula, Arno; Sweet, Suzanne; Vallentin, Steen (2012). « Public policies for corporate social responsibility in four Nordic countries : Harmony of goals and conflict of means », Business & Society, published online, July, 37 p. (DOI : 10.1177/0007650312450848)
- Moon, Jeremy; Vogel, David (2008). « Corporate social responsibility, government, and civil society ». The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social University, Oxford University Press, p. 303-326.
- Pacheco, Désirée F.; Dean, Thomas J.; Payne, David S. (2010). « Escaping the green prison : Entrepreneurship and the creation of opportunities for sustainable development », Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 25, n° 5, p. 464-480.
- Parker, Craig M.; Redmond, Janince; Simpson, Mike (2009). « A review of interventions to encourage SMEs to make environmental improvements ». Environmental and Planning C : Government and Policy, vol. 27, n° 2, p. 279-301.
- Peng, Yu-Shu; Dashdeleg, Altan-Uya; Chih, Hsiang Lin (2014). « National Culture and firm’s CSR engagement : A cross-nation study ». Journal of Marketing and Management, vol. 5, n° 1, p. 38-49.
- Pérez, Roland (2003). La gouvernance d’entreprise, Paris : La découverte, Collection Repères, n° 358, 128 p.
- Perez-Batres, Louis-Antonio; Miller, Van V.; Pisani, Michael J.; Henriques, Irene; Renau-Sepulveda, Jose A. (2012). « Why do firms engage in national sustainability programs and transparent sustainability reporting ? ». Management International Review, vol. 52, no 1, p. 107-136.
- Perrini, Francesco; Russo, Angeloantonio; Tencati, Antonio (2007). « CSR strategies of SMEs and large firms. Evidence from Italy », Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 74, no 3, p. 285-300.
- Raymond, Louis; Marchand, Marie; St-Pierre, Josée; Cadieux, Louise; Labelle, François (2013). « Dimensions of small business performance from the owner-manager’s perspective : a re-conceptualization and empirical validation », Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, vol. 25, no 5-6, p. 468-499.
- Revell, Andrea; Stokes, David; Chen, Hsin (2010). « Small business and the environment : Turning over a new leaf ? ». Business Strategy and the Environment, vol. 19, no 5, p. 273-288.
- Ringov, Dimo; Zollo, Maurizio. (2007). « The impact of national culture on corporate social performance ». Corporate Governance, vol. 7, n° 4, p. 476-485.
- Riviera-Lirio, Juana M.; Munoz-Torrez, Maria J. (2010). « Sustainable development in the Spanish region of Valencia and the social responsibility of SMEs. A multi-stakeholder vision on the role of public administrations », Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, vol. 53, n° 5, p. 573-590.
- Scherer, Andreas G.; Palazzo, Guido (2011). « The new political role of business in a globalized world : A review of a new perspective on CSR and its implications for the firm, governance, and democracy », Journal of Management Studies, vol. 48, n° 4, p. 899–931.
- Simard, L., Dupuis, A., Bernier, L. (2006). « Entreprises publiques et intérêt général à l’heure de la gouvernance ». Administration Publique du Canada, vol. 49, n° 3, p. 308-333
- Sirmon, David; Peter, Lane (2004). « A model of cultural differences and international alliance performance », Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 45, p. 306-319.
- Spence, Laura J. (2007). « CSR and Small Business in a European Policy Context : The Five “C”s of CSR and Small Business Research Agenda 2007 », Business and Society Review, vol. 112, no 4, p. 533–552.
- Steurer, Reinhard (2010). « The role of government in corporate social responsibility : characterising public policies on CSR in Europe », Policy Sciences, vol. 49, n° 1, p. 49-72.
- Steurer, Reinhard; Margula, Sharon M.; Martinuzzi, Andre (2012). « Public policies on CSR in Europe : Themes, instruments, and regional differences », Discussion paper 2-2012, Institute Forest, Environmental, and Natural Resource Policy, Universität, für Bodenkultur Wien, 28 p.
- St-Pierre, J., Sanchez, R.M., Raymond, L., Lacoursière, R. (2013). « Configurations de capacités stratégiques et performance des PME : une étude exploratoire de l’influence de l’environnement national », Revue de l’Entrepreneuriat, vol. 12, no 4, p. 79-102.
- Tellahigue, Issam (2013). « Trois essais sur la divergence et la convergence des représentations de la responsabilité sociale et environnementale : une analyse internationale », Thèse, Montréal (Québec, Canada), Université du Québec à Montréal, Doctorat en administration, 254 p.
- Tilley, Fiona (1999). « The gap between the environmental attitudes and the environmental behaviour of small firms », Business Strategy and the Environment, vol. 8, no 4, p. 238-248.
- Torugsa, Nuttaneeya A.; O’Donohue, Wayne; Hecker, Rob (2012). « Capabilities, proactive CSR and financial performance in SMEs : empirical evidence from an Australian manufacturing industry sector », Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 109, no 4, p. 483-500.
- Turker, Duygu (2009). « Measuring corporate social responsibility : a scale development study », Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 85, n° 4, p. 411-427.
- Uhlaner, Lorraine; Berent-Braun, Marta M.; Jeurissen, Ronald J.M.; de Wit, Gerrit (2011). « Beyond Size : Predicting engagement in environmental management practices of Dutch SMEs », Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 109, no 4, p. 411-429.
- WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development) (1987). Our Common Future (The Brundtland Report). Oxford : Oxford University Press.
- Williamson, David; Lynch-Wood, Gary; Ramsay, John (2006). « Drivers of environmental behavior in manufacturing SMEs and the implications for CSR », Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 67, n° 3, p. 317-330.
- Wilson, Christopher D.; Williams, Ian D.; Kemp, Simon (2012). « An evaluation of the impact and effectiveness of environmental legislation in small and medium-sized enterprises : experiences from the UK », Business Strategy and the Environment, vol. 21, no 1, p. 141-156.
- York, Jeffrey G.; Venkataraman, Sankaran (2010). « The entrepreneur-environment nexus : Uncertainty, innovation and allocation », Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 25, n°5, p. 449-463.
10.7202/1043008ar