Résumés
Résumé
La délocalisation d’activités à l’étranger est une pratique de plus en plus répandue dans les entreprises, avec pour conséquence d’accroître les différences culturelles auxquelles les entreprises sont confrontées. L’analyse qualitative de 76 articles sur la période 1996-2009 provenant de 26 revues internationales de gestion montre que la culture est uniquement présentée comme une menace pour les entreprises qui délocalisent, et ce, en dépit d’une littérature sur la diversité nettement plus positive sur le sujet. Cet article propose des pistes de réflexion développant une perspective plus nuancée des différences culturelles dans le contexte des délocalisations.
Mots-clés :
- Délocalisation,
- culture,
- diversité,
- différences culturelles
Abstract
Offshoring of services is an increasingly frequent practice among firms. The employment of foreign workers directly leads to cultural diversification of human resources within the business’s value chain. An overview of 76 papers published between 1996 and 2009 in 26 international management journals reveals that culture is exclusively presented as a threat, despite the existence of a literature clearing pointing out the benefits of diversity. Here we propose paths for future research aimed at developing of more nuanced perspective about cultural diversity in an offshoring context.
Keywords:
- Offshoring,
- culture,
- diversity,
- cultural differences
Resumen
La subcontratación « offshore » de servicios es una práctica cada vez más frecuente en las empresas. Una de las consecuencias directas de la utilización de trabajadores « offshore » es el incremento de la diversidad cultural de los recursos humanos que participan en la cadena de valor. Un análisis de 76 artículos de 1996 a 2009, de 26 revistas internacionales de gestión muestra que la cultura es exclusivamente presentada como un riesgo para la empresa, a pesar de la existencia de literatura que se muestra positiva cuanto al tema. Este trabajo de investigación propone una perspectiva moderada de la diversidad cultural en el contexto de la deslocalización offshore.
Palabras clave:
- Deslocalización,
- cultura,
- diversidad,
- diferencias culturales
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Antonio, A. L.; Chang, M. J.; Hakuta, K.; Kenny, D. A.; Levin, S.; Milem, J. F. (2004). « Effects of racial diversity on complex thinking in college students », Psychological Science, vol. 15, n° 8, p. 507-510.
- Basset-Jones, N. (2005). « The paradox of diversity management », Creativity and Innovation Management, vol. 14, n° 2, p. 169-175.
- Bennett, M. J. (1993). « Towards ethnorelativism: A developmental model of intercultural sensitivity ». In R. M. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience, Yarmouth, ME:Intercultural Press. p. 21-71.
- Beugré, C.; Acar, W. (2008). « Offshoring and Cross-Border Interorganizational Relationships: A Justice Model », Decision Sciences, vol. 39, n° 3, p. 445-468.
- Brouthers, K. D., Brouthers, L. E. (2001). « Explaining the National Cultural Distance Paradox », Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 31, n° 1, p. 177-189.
- Boyatzis, R. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Thousand Oaks, Sage.
- Chen, S-F. (2009). « A transaction cost rationale for private branding and its implications for the choice of domestic vs offshore outsourcing », Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 40, p. 156-175.
- Commission Européenne (2005). European Business Test Panel (EBTP).
- Cox, T. (1993). Cultural diversity in organizations: Theory, research and practice. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
- Cox, T.; Lobel, S.; McLeod P. (1991). « Effects of ethnic group cultural differences on cooperative and competitive behavior on a group task », Academy of Management Journal, vol. 34, n° 4, p. 827-847.
- Dass, P.; Parker, B. (1999). « Strategies for managing human resource diversity: From resistance to learning », Academy of Management Executive, vol. 13, n° 2, p. 68-80.
- Dibbern, J.; Winkler, J.; Heinzl, A. (2008). « Explaining variations in client extra costs between software projects offshored to India », MIS Quarterly, vol. 32 , n° 2, p. 333-366.
- Doh, J.; Bunyaratavej, K.; Hahn E. (2009). « Separable but not equal: the location determinants of discrete services offshoring activities », Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 40, n° 6, p. 926-943.
- Ellram, L.; Tate, W.; Billington, C. (2008). « Offshore outsourcing of professional services: A transaction cost economics perspective », Journal of Operations Management, vol. 26, p. 148-163.
- Ely, R.; Thomas, D. (2001). « Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes »; Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 46, p. 229-273.
- Evans, J.; Mavondo, F. (2002). « Psychic distance and organizational performance: An empirical examination of international retailing operations », Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 33, n° 3, p. 515-532.
- Farrell, D. (2005). « Offshoring: Value creation through economic change. » Journal of Management Studies, vol. 42, n° 3, p. 675-683.
- Fulk, J.; DeSanctis, G (1995). « Electronic communication and changing organizational forms », Organization Science, vol. 6, p. 337-349.
- Garcia-Prieto, P.; Bellard, E.; Schneider, S. C. (2003). « Experiencing diversity, conflict and emotions in teams », Applied Psychology: An International Review, vol. 52, n° 3, p. 413-440.
- Gurung, A.; Prater, E. (2006). « A research framework for the impact of cultural differences on IT outsourcing ». Journal of Global Information Technology Management, vol. 9, n° 1, p. 24-43.
- Hambrick, D.; Davidson, S.; Snell, S.; Snow, C. (1998). « When Groups Consist of Multiple Nationalities: Towards a New Understanding of the Implications », Organization Studies, vol. 19, n° 2, p. 181-205.
- Herring, C. (2009). « Does Diversity Pay?: Race, Gender, and the Business Case for Diversity », American Sociological Review, vol. 74, p. 208-224.
- Iles, P.; Hayers, P. K. (1997). « Managing diversity in transnational project teams », Journal of Management Psychology, vol. 12, n° 2, p. 95-117.
- Jackson, S. (1992). Diversity in the Workplace: Human Resources Initiatives, Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology: The Professional Practice Series, New York: The Guilford Press.
- Jayne, M.; Dipboye, R. (2004). « Leveraging diversity to improve business performance: Research findings and recommendations for organizations », Human Resource Management, vol. 43, p. 409-424.
- Kochan, T.; Bezrukova, K.; Ely, R.; Jackson, S.; Joshi, A.; Jehn, K.; Leonard, J.; Levine, D.; Thomas, D. (2003). « The effects of diversity on business performance: Report of the diversity research network », Human Resource Management, vol. 42, n° 1, p. 3-21.
- Kogut, B.; Singh, H. (1988). « The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode ». Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 19, n° 3, p. 411-432.
- Kshetri, N. (2007). « Institutional factors affecting offshore business process and information technology outsourcing », Journal of International Management, vol. 13, n° 1, p. 38-56.
- Kumar, K.; van Femena, P.; von Glinow, M.-A. (2009), « Offshoring and the global distribution of work: Implications for task interdependence theory and practice », Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 40, n° 6, p. 642-667.
- Lewin, A. Y.; Massini, S.; Peeters, C. (2009) « Why Are Companies Offshoring Innovation? The Emerging Global Race for Talent », Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 40, n° 6, p. 901-925.
- Lewin, A.; Peeters, C. (2006). « Offshoring administrative and technical work: Business hype or the onset of fundamental strategic and organizational transformation? », Long Range Planning, vol. 39, n° 3, p. 221-239.
- MacMillan, I. (1991). « The emerging forum for business policy scholars », Strategic Management Journal, vol. 12, n° 2, p. 161-165.
- Metters, R. (2008). « A case study of national culture and offshoring services ». International Journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 28, n° 8, p. 727-747.
- Metters, R; Verma, R. (2008). « History of offshoring knowledge services », Journal of Operations Management, vol. 26, p. 141-147.
- O’Grady, S.; Lane, W.H. (1995), « The psychic distance paradox », Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 27, n° 2, p. 309-333.
- OCDE (2006). Productivity Impacts of Offshoring and Outsourcing: A Review, STI Working Paper < www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/29/36231337.pdf> (accédé le 02/02/2012).
- Page, S. (2007). « Making the difference: Applying a logic of diversity », Academy of Management Perspectives, vol. 21, n° 4, p. 6-20.
- Peng, M. (2001). « The resource-based view and international business », Journal of Management, vol. 27, n° 6, p. 803-829.
- Phillips, K. W.; Lount, R. B. Jr. (2007). « The affective consequences homogeneity in groups ». In M. Neale, B. Mannix, & C. Anderson, Managing Groups and Teams: Affect and Groups: 1-20. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
- Phillips, K.; Loyd, D. (2006). « When surface and deep-level diversity collide: The effects on dissenting group members », Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 99, n° 2, p. 143-160.
- Phillips, K. W.; Northcraft, G.; Neale, M. (2006). « Surface-level diversity and information sharing: When does deep-level similarity help? », Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, vol. 9, n° 4, p. 467-482.
- Point, S.; Singh, V. (2005). « Promouvoir la gestion de la diversité: radioscopie des sites internet des grands groupes européens », Revue de Gestion des Ressources Humaines, n° 58, p. 14-30
- Point, S., Voynnet Fourboul, C. (2006). « Le codage à visée théorique », Recherche et Applications en Marketing, vol. 21, n° 4, p. 61-78.
- Prasad, S., Babbar, S., Motwani, J. (2001). « International operations strategy: Current efforts and future directions ». International Journal of Operations & Production Management, vol. 21, n° 5/6, p. 645-665.
- Robinson, G.; Dechant, K. (1997). « Building a business case for diversity ». Academy of Management Executive, vol. 11, n° 3, p. 21-31.
- Roza, M., Van den Bosch, F. A. J., Volberda, H. W., (2011). « Offshoring strategy: Motives, functions, locations, and governance modes of small, medium-sized and large firms », International Business Review, vol. 20, n° 3, p. 314-323.
- Shenkar, O. (2001). « Cultural distance revisited: Towards a more rigorous conceptualization and measurement of cultural differences », Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 32, n° 3, p. 519-535.
- Shenkar, O; Luo, Y; Yeheskel, O. (2008). « From «distance» to «friction»: substituting metaphors and redirecting intercultural research », Academy of Management Review, vol. 33, p. 905-923.
- Sommers, S. R. (2006). « On racial diversity and group decision-making: Identifying multiple effects of racial composition on jury deliberations », Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 90, p. 597-612.
- Sousa, C., Bradley, F. (2006). « Cultural Distance and Psychic Distance: Two Peas in a Pod? », Journal of International Marketing, vol. 14, n° 1, p. 49-70.
- Stahl, G. K., Maznevski, M. L., Voigt, A., & Jonsen, K. (2010). « Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: A meta-analysis of research on multicultural work groups ». Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 41, n° 4, p. 690-709.
- Stottinger, B.; Schlegelmilch, B. (1998). « Explaining export development through psychic distance: Enlightening or elusive? », International Marketing Review, vol. 15, n° 5, p. 357-372.
- Stratman, J. (2008). « Facilitating offshoring with enterprise technologies: Reducing operational friction in the governance and production of services », Journal of Operations Management, vol. 26, p. 275-287.
- Strauss, A.; Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks, Sage.
- Stringfellow, A.; Teagarden, M.; Nie, W. (2008). « Invisible costs in offshoring services work », Journal of Operations Management, vol. 26, n° 2, p. 164-179.
- Tahai, A.; Meyer, M. (1999). « A revealed preference study of management journals’ direct influences », Strategic Management Journal, vol. 20, n° 3, p. 279-296.
- Thomas, D.; Ely, R. (1996). « Making differences matter: a new paradigm for managing diversity », Harvard Business. Review, vol.74, n° 5, p.79-90.
- Van Knippenberg, D.; Schippers, M. (2007). « Work group diversity », Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 58, p. 515-541.
- Vivek, S.; Banwet, D.; Shankar, R. (2008), « Analysis of interactions among core, transaction and relationship-specific investments: The case of offshoring », Journal of Operations Management, vol. 26, p. 180-197.
- Walsham, G. (2002). « Cross-cultural software production and use: A structurational approach », MIS Quarterly, vol. 26, n° 4, p. 359-380.
- Williams, K.; O’Reilly, C. (1998). « Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of 40 years of research », In B. Staw and L. Cummings [eds.], Research in Organizational Behavior, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, p. 77-140.
- Youngdahl, W.; Ramaswamy, K. (2008). « Offshoring knowledge and service work: A conceptual model and research agenda », Journal of Operations Management, vol. 26, p. 212-221.