Résumés
Abstract
This article describes the design and compilation of the Multilingual Corpus of Survey Questionnaires (MCSQ), the first publicly available corpus of international survey questionnaires. Version 3.0 (Rosalind Franklin) is compiled from questionnaires from the European Social Survey, the European Values Study, the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, and the Wage Indicator Survey in the (British) English source language and their translations into eight languages (Catalan, Czech, French, German, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish and Russian). Documents in the corpus were translated with the objective of maximising data comparability across cultures. After contextualising aims and procedures in survey translation, this article presents examples of two types of problematic translation outcomes in survey questionnaires: The first type relates to the choice of idiomatic terms or fixed expressions in the source text. The second type relates to cases where the semantic variation of translation choices exceeds the scope allowed to maintain the psychometric properties across languages. With these examples, we aim to demonstrate how corpus linguistics can be used to analyse past translation outcomes and to improve the methodology for translating questionnaires.
Keywords:
- multilingual corpus,
- questionnaire translation,
- survey research,
- TRAPD,
- corpus linguistics
Résumé
Cet article décrit la conception et la compilation du Multilingual Corpus of Survey Questionnaires (MCSQ), le premier corpus de questionnaires d’enquêtes internationales accessible au public. La version 3.0 (Rosalind Franklin) est compilée à partir des questionnaires de l’Enquête sociale européenne, de l’European Values Study, de l’Enquête sur la santé et le vieillissement et la retraite en Europe, et du WageIndicator Survey dans la langue de départ, anglais (britannique), et leurs traductions en huit langues (catalan, tchèque, français, allemand, norvégien, portugais, espagnol et russe). Les documents du corpus ont été traduits en vue de maximiser la comparabilité des données entre les cultures. Après avoir contextualisé les objectifs et les procédures de traduction d’enquête, cet article présente des exemples de deux types de résultats de traduction problématiques dans les questionnaires d’enquêtes : le premier type concerne le choix de termes idiomatiques ou d’expressions fixes dans la langue de départ. Le deuxième type concerne les cas où la variation sémantique des choix de traduction dépasse la portée autorisée pour maintenir les propriétés psychométriques à travers des langues. Avec ces exemples, nous souhaitons démontrer comment la linguistique de corpus peut être utilisée pour analyser les résultats de traduction passés et pour améliorer la méthodologie de traduction de questionnaire.
Mots-clés :
- corpus multilingue,
- traduction de questionnaires,
- recherche d’enquêtes,
- TRAPD,
- linguistique de corpus
Resumen
Este artículo describe el diseño y la compilación del Multilingual Corpus of Survey Questionnaires (MCSQ), el primer corpus público de cuestionarios de encuestas internacionales. La versión 3.0 (Rosalind Franklin) se compila a partir de cuestionarios de la Encuesta Social Europea, el European Values Study (EVS), la Encuesta de Salud, Envejecimiento y Jubilación en Europa, y el WageIndicator Survey en el idioma de origen (inglés británico) y sus traducciones a ocho idiomas (catalán, checo, francés, alemán, noruego, portugués, español y ruso). Los documentos del corpus se tradujeron con el objetivo de maximizar la comparabilidad de los datos entre culturas. Después de contextualizar los objetivos y procedimientos en la traducción de encuestas, este artículo presenta ejemplos de dos tipos de resultados de traducción problemáticos en cuestionarios de encuestas. El primer tipo se relaciona con la elección de términos idiomáticos o expresiones fijas en el texto original. El segundo tipo se relaciona con los casos en los que la variación semántica de las opciones de traducción excede el alcance permitido para mantener las mismas propiedades psicométricas en todos los idiomas. Con estos ejemplos, nuestro objetivo es demostrar cómo se puede utilizar la lingüística de corpus para analizar los resultados de traducción y mejorar la metodología de traducción de cuestionarios.
Palabras clave:
- corpus multilingüe,
- traducción de cuestionarios,
- investigación por encuestas,
- TRAPD,
- lingüística de corpus
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Baker, Mona (1992): In Other Words. A Coursebook on Translation. New York: Routledge.
- Behr, Dorothée, Dept, Steve, and Krajčeva, Elica (2018): Documenting the Survey Translation and Monitoring Process. In: Timothy P. Johnson, Beth-Ellen Pennell, Ineke A. L. Stoop and Brita Dorer, eds. Advances in Comparative Survey Methods: Multinational, Multiregional, and Multicultural Contexts (3MC). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 341-355.
- Brislin, Richard W. (1970): Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 1(3):185-216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301.
- Chesterman, Andrew (2004): Beyond the particular. In: Anna Mauranen and Pekka Kujamäki, eds. Translation Universals: Do They Exist? Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 33-49.
- Cruse, David Alan (1986): Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Davidov, Eldad, and De Beuckelaer, Alain (2010): How harmful are survey translations? A test with Schwartz’s human values instrument. International Journal of Public Opinion Research. 22(4):485-510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edq030.
- Dorer, Brita (2015): Carrying out ‘advance translations’ to detect comprehensibility problems in a source questionnaire of a cross-national survey. In: Karin Maksymski, Silke Gutermuth and Silvia Hansen-Schirra, eds. Translation and Comprehensibility. Berlin: Frank and Timme, 77-112.
- Doval, Irene, and Sánchez Nieto, María Teresa (2019): Parallel corpora in focus: An account of current achievements and challenges. In: Irene Doval and María Teresa Sánchez Nieto, eds. Parallel Corpora for Contrastive and Translation Studies. New Resources and Applications. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1-15.
- Fitzgerald, Rory and Zavala-Rojas, Diana (2020): A model for cross-national questionnaire design and pretesting. In: Paul C. Beatty, Debbie Collins, Lyn Kaye, José Luis Padilla, Gordon B. Willis, and Amanda Wilmot, eds. Advances in Questionnaire Design, Development, Evaluation and Testing. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 493-520.
- Sanjurjo González, Hugo (2017): Creación de un Framework para el tratamiento de corpus lingüísticos. Doctoral dissertation, unpublished. León: Universidad de León.
- Harkness, Janet A. (2003): Questionnaire translation. In: Janet A. Harkness, Fons J. R. van de Vijver and Peter Ph. Mohler, eds. Cross-cultural Survey Methods. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 35-56.
- Harkness, Janet A., Villar, Ana and Edwards, Brad (2010): Translation, adaptation, and design. In: Janet A. Harkness, Michael Braun, Brad Edwards, Timothy P. Johnson, Lars Lyberg, Peter Ph. Mohler, Beth-Ellen Pennell and Tom W. Smith, eds. Survey Methods in Multinational, Multiregional, and Multicultural Contexts. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 115-140.
- Hareide, Lidun (2019): Comparable parallel corpora: A critical review of current practices in corpus-based translation studies. In: Irene Doval and María Teresa Sánchez Nieto, eds. Parallel Corpora for Contrastive and Translation Studies. New Resources and Applications. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 19-38.
- Hareide, Lidun and Hofland, Knut (2012): Compiling a Norwegian-Spanish parallel corpus: methods and challenges. In: Michael Oakes and Meng Ji, eds. Quantitative Methods in Corpus Based Translation Studies: A Practical Guide to Descriptive Translation Research. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 75-114.
- Izquierdo, Marlén, Hofland, Knut and Reigem, Øystein (2008): The ACTRES parallel corpus: an English-Spanish translation corpus. Corpora. 3(1):31-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3366/E1749503208000051.
- Jackendoff, Ray (1997): The Architecture of the Language Faculty. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
- Ji, Meng, Hareide, Lindun, Li, Defeng and Oakes, Michael (2016). Corpus Methodologies Explained: An Empirical Approach to Translation Studies. London/New York: Routledge.
- Jurafsky, Dan and Martin, James H. (2000): Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition. Hoboken, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Katz, Jerrold J. and Postal, Paul M. (1964): An Integrated Theory of Linguistic Descriptions. Journal of Linguistics. 2(1):119-126.
- Kenny, Dorothy (1998): Corpora in translation studies. In: Mona Baker, ed. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London/New York: Routledge, 50-53.
- Leech, Geoffrey Neil (1992): 100 million words of English: The British National Corpus (BNC). Second Language Research. 28:1-13.
- Mohler, Peter Ph., Dorer, Brita, De Jong, Julie and Hu, Mengyao (2016): Adaptation. In: Survey Research Center, ed. Guidelines for Best Practice in Cross-Cultural Surveys. Michigan: Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 378-391. Consulted on 6 April 2022, https://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/CCSG_Full_Guidelines_2016_Version.pdf.
- Mohler, Peter Ph., Hansen, Sue Ellen, Pennell, Beth-Ellen, Thomas, Wendy L., Wackerow, Joachim, and Hubbard, Frost (2010): A Survey Process Quality Perspective on Documentation. In: Janet A. Harkness, Michael Braun, Brad Edwards, Timothy P. Johnson, Lars Lyberg, Peter Ph. Mohler, Beth-Ellen Pennell and Tom W. Smith, eds. Survey Methods in Multinational, Multiregional, and Multicultural Contexts Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 299-314.
- Mohler, Peter Ph. and Johnson, Timothy P. (2010): Equivalence, Comparability, and Methodological Progress. In: Janet A. Harkness, Michael Braun, Brad Edwards, Timothy P. Johnson, Lars Lyberg, Peter Ph. Mohler, Beth-Ellen Pennell and Tom W. Smith, eds. Survey Methods in Multinational, Multiregional, and Multicultural Contexts Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 17-29.
- Mohler, Peter Ph., and Uher, Rolf (2003): Documenting comparative surveys for secondary analysis. In: Janet A. Harkness, Fons J. R. van de Vijver and Peter Ph. Mohler, eds. Cross-cultural Survey Methods. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 311-328.
- Oberski, Daniel, Saris, Willem E. and Hagenaars, Jacques (2007): Why are there differences in measurement quality across countries? In: Geert Loosveldt, Marc Swyngedouw and Bart Cambré, eds. Measuring Meaningful Data in Social Research. Leuven/Voorburg: Acco, 1-17.
- Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey and Svartvik, Jan (1985): A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. New York: Longman.
- Saris, Willem. E., and Gallhofer, Irmtraud N. (2014): Design, Evaluation, and Analysis of Questionnaires for Survey Research. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
- Snell-Hornby, Mary (2006): The Turns of Translation Studies: New Paradigms or Shifting Viewpoints? Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
- Taylor, John R. (2002): Cognitive Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Zavala-Rojas, Diana, Saris, Willem E. and Gallhofer, Irmtraud N. (2018): Preventing differences in translated survey items using the survey quality predictor. In: Timothy P. Johnson, Beth-Ellen Pennell, Ineke A. L. Stoop and Brita Dorer, eds. Advances in Comparative Survey Methods: Multinational, Multiregional, and Multicultural Contexts (3MC). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 357-384.