Résumés
Abstract
Conference interpreting began at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, where the League of Nations (LN) and its offsprings, the Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Labour Organization (ILO), were designed as tools of a new diplomacy by conferences. This meant the end of the virtual monopoly of French as the language of diplomacy and the presence of interpreters mediating between languages. This paper examines the context of the 1919 Washington International Labor Conference (ILC), the interpreting services, the interpreters’ working conditions, and proposes some conclusions. Sources include published records of the plenary meetings of the Washington ILC and unpublished documents from the Personnel files and other material from the archives of the ILO and the LN in Geneva.
Keywords/Mots-clés:
- conference interpreting,
- interpretation history,
- interpreters’ working conditions,
- official languages
Résumé
L’interprétation de conférence a débuté en 1919 à la Conférence de la paix de Paris où la Ligue des Nations (LN) et ses organes, la Cour permanente de justice internationale et l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT), ont été conçus comme les instruments d’une nouvelle diplomatie qui exercerait désormais au moyen de conférences. C’est alors qu’a pris fin le quasi-monopole du français comme langue de la diplomatie et que sont apparus les interprètes, médiateurs interlinguistiques. Cet article examine le contexte de la Conférence internationale du travail (CIT) à Washington en 1919, les services d’interprétation et les conditions de travail des interprètes, et propose quelques conclusions. Les sources consultées comprennent les procès-verbaux publiés des réunions plénières de la CIT et une série de documents non publiés issus des fichiers du personnel et des archives de l’OIT et de la LN à Genève.
Parties annexes
References
- Files in the Archives of the League of Nations, Geneva: Abraham, Section 34, doc. 1658; Arnould, Section 34, doc. 1113; Belleau, Section 34, doc. 907; Captain Blennerhassett, Box S/721, Section 34, doc. 4239; Fatio, Box S/767, section 34, doc. 759; File Joucla-Pelous, Box S/804, doc.1665; Peirce, Box S/855, doc. 17072; Ronzevalle, Box R/870, section 34, doc. 1047; Rossetti-Agresti, Box R/871, section 34, doc. 22512; Simultaneous interpretation, Box R.3427, doc. 7255; Thudicum, Box R/893, section 334, doc. 758; Velleman, section 38, doc. 2619.
- Parodi, H. (1921): (Director of the Service) Rapport sur l’organisation, les travaux et le personnel du Service des traducters et interprètes, Genève 14 avril 1921. Box R/1457, Section 29, File 12601. ALNG.
- Files in the Archives of the International Labour Office, Geneva
- Filene Experiment: docs. O 304/1/0; O 304/1/1; O 304/4/8, 9 and 10.
- Baigorri, J. (1998): “En torno a Antoine Velleman, fundador de la Escuela de Ginebra,” Parallèles 20, p. 9-30.
- Baigorri, J. (2000): La interpretación de conferencias: el nacimiento de una profesión. De París a Nuremberg, Granada, Comares.
- Barnes, G. N. (1926): History of the International Labour Office, London, Williams and Norgate Limited.
- Bonsal, S. (1944): Unfinished business. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company, Inc.
- Hankey, M. (Lord) (1946): Diplomacy by conference, New York, G.P. Putnam’s Sons.
- Herbert, J. (1978): “How conference interpretation grew,” in Gerver, D. and Sinaiko, W. H. (eds.) Language interpretation and communication, Proceedings of the NATO Symposium on language interpretation and communication, New York, Plenum, p. 5-10.
- Hetheringon, H.J.W. (1920): International Labour Legislation, London, Methuen & Co. Ltd.
- Hudson, M. O. (1931): International Legislation. A collection of the texts of multipartite international instruments of general interest, vol. I (1919-1921), Nos. 1-64, Washington, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
- International Labour Office (1923): Official Bulletin. Volume I. April 1919-August 1920. Geneva, ILO.
- League of Nations (1920): International Labour Conference. First Annual Meeting. Washington 1919, Washington, Government Printing Office.
- MacDonald, R. R. (1967): “Léon Dostert,” in Papers in linguistics in honor of Léon Dostert, edited by W. M. Austin, The Hague-Paris, Mouton, p. 9-14.
- Madariaga, S, de (1974): Memorias (1921-1936). Amanecer sin mediodía, Madrid, Espasa-Calpe.
- Mantoux, P. (1955): Les délibérations du Conseil des Quatre, Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 2 vols.
- Rock, J.R. and C. Larson (1939): Words that Won the War. The Story of The Committee on Public Information 1917-1919, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
- Sanz, J. (1931): “Le travail et les aptitudes des interprètes parlementaires,” Anals d’orientació professional 4-4, p. 303-318.
- Wilson, F. G. (1934): Labor in the League system. A study of the International Labor Organization in relation to international administration, Stanford University Press (California)/Oxford University Press (London), Humphrey Milford.