Résumés
Abstract
Diachronic and synchronic studies of linguistic landscapes of central streets and markets were conducted in five cities in Ukraine with different language use preferences in 2015 and 2017–19. The relationship between a monolingual state language policy and the reality of language use in public spaces was investigated. This study focuses on the dynamics of the linguistic landscape of Odesa, a Russian-speaking city with a weak historical connection to the state of Ukraine, and compares them with the linguistic landscapes of central Kyiv, Dnipro, Zaporizhzhia, and Lviv. Linguistic landscape data are complemented with semi-structured interviews investigating de jure policies, de facto practices, and beliefs of individuals who make their language choices in public signage, often contesting the official language policy regulations. Linguistic data can deliver messages about power, values, and the salience of languages used in public places. This mixed-methods research is grounded in a critical ethnographic approach to the study of language policy, politics, and planning. The linguistic landscape in Odesa, a polyethnic city, is exceptionally dynamic in reflecting the de facto language policy in the city. The effects of globalization and language commodification were marked by compliance with the official policy on the central street, but proof of inhabitants’ identity with the Russian language as the lingua franca was evident as the data collection site moved away from the city centre. This synchronic and diachronic studies of languages in Odesa is compared with the languages spoken in four Ukrainian regions and marks a proportional increase in the presence of two main languages—Ukrainian and Russian—independent of the Ukrainization efforts of the state at the time of war. It also suggests that an increase in the use of English, as observed in Odesa, is a way to avoid using the state language.
Keywords:
- linguistic landscape,
- language policy,
- Odesa,
- Ukraine,
- diachronic study
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Arel, Dominique. “Language, Status, and State Loyalty in Ukraine.” Harvard Ukrainian Studies, vol. 35, no. 1, 2017, pp. 233–63.
- “Article 10.” Constitution of Ukraine, Council of Europe, 28 June 1996, https://rm.coe.int/constitution-of-ukraine/168071f58b. Accessed 12 Apr. 2022.
- Backhaus, Peter. “Multilingualism in Tokyo: A Look into the Linguistic Landscape.” International Journal of Multilingualism, vol. 3, no. 1, 2006, pp. 52–66. DOI: 10.1080/14790710608668385.
- Bastardas-Boada, Albert. “Language Policy and Planning as an Interdisciplinary Field: Towards a Complexity Approach.” Current Issues in Language Planning, vol. 14, no. 3, 2013, pp. 363–81.
- Besters-Dilger, Juliane. Language Policy and Language Situation in Ukraine: Analysis and Recommendations. Peter Lang, 2009.
- Bever, Olga. A. Linguistic Landscapes of Post-Soviet Ukraine: Multilingualism and Language Policy in Outdoor Media and Advertising. 2010. University of Arizona, PhD dissertation.
- Bilaniuk, Laada. Contested Tongues: Language Politics and Cultural Correction in Ukraine. Cornell UP, 2005.
- Bilaniuk, Laada. “Speaking of ‘Surzhyk’: Ideologies and Mixed Languages.” Harvard Ukrainian Studies, vol. 21, nos. 1/2, 1997, pp. 93–117.
- Bilaniuk, Laada, and Svitlana Melnyk. “A Tense and Shifting Balance: Bilingualism and Education in Ukraine.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, vol. 11, no. 3, 2008, pp. 340–72.
- Blommaert, Jan. Ethnography, Superdiversity, and Linguistic Landscapes: Chronicles of Complexity. Multilingual Matters, 2013.
- Blommaert, Jan. “Sociolinguistic Scales in Retrospect.” Applied Linguistics Review, vol. 12, no. 3, 2020, pp. 375–80. DOI: 10.1515/applirev-2019-0132
- Blommaert, Jan, et al. “Spaces of Multilingualism.” Language & Communication, vol. 25, no. 3, 2005, pp. 197–216. DOI: 10.1016/j.langcom.2005.05.002
- Brown, N. Anthony. “Status Language Planning in Belarus: An Examination of Written Discourse in Public Spaces.” Language Policy, vol. 6, no. 2, 2007, pp. 281–301. DOI: 10.1007/s10993-007-9048-5
- Csernicskó, István, and Csilla Fedinec. “Four Language Laws of Ukraine.” International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, vol. 23, no. 4, 2016, pp. 560–82. DOI: 10.1163/15718115-02401004
- Cenoz, Jasone, and Durk Gorter. “Linguistic Landscape and Minority Languages.” International Journal of Multilingualism, vol. 3, no. 1, 2006, pp. 67–80. DOI: 10.1080/14790710608668386
- Chouliaraki, Lilie, and Norman Fairclough. Discourse in Late Modernity: Rethinking Critical Discourse Analysis. Edinburgh UP, 2007.
- Cooper, Robert L. Language Planning and Social Change. Cambridge UP, 1989.
- Dovhopolova, Oksana. “Mandrivnyi mif mista: Reprezentatsiia mifu Odesy u pidpryiemstvakh pam''iati.” Ukraina Moderna, https://uamoderna.com/demontazh-pamyati/dovhopolova-odesa-myth. Accessed 11 Apr. 2022.
- Duchêne, Alexandre. "Multilingualism: An Insufficient Answer to Sociolinguistic Inequalities." International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol. 263, 2020, pp. 91–97.
- Fishman, Joshua A., editor. Advances in Language Planning. Vol. 5, Walter de Gruyter, 2011.
- Glazunov, Aleksandr. “Kyivsovet prodal Akhmetovu zemliu v tsentre stolitsy po ‘rekordnoi tsene.’” Novyny Kyiva, 23 Feb. 2021, http://topnews.kiev.ua/other/2021/02/23/110939.html. Accessed 20 May 2022.
- Gorter, Durk, editor. Linguistic Landscape: A New Approach to Multilingualism. Multilingual Matters, 2006.
- Harvey, David. Social Justice and the City. Vol. 1. U of Georgia P, 2010.
- Heller, Monica. Linguistic Minorities and Modernity: A Sociolinguistic Ethnography. A&C Black, 2006.
- Heller, Monica, and Alexandre Duchêne. “Treating Language as an Economic Resource: Discourse, Data and Debate.” Sociolinguistics: Theoretical Debated, edited by Nikolas Coupland, Cambridge UP, 2016, pp. 139–56.
- Herlihy, Patricia. Odessa Recollected: The Port and the People. Academic Studies Press, 2019.
- Hires-László, Kornélia. “Linguistic Landscapes in a Western Ukrainian Town.” Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, vol. 10, no. 1, 2019, pp. 87–111.
- Hornberger, Nancy H., et al. “Language Ideologies, Ethnography, and Ethnology.” Language Teaching, vol. 51, no. 2, 2018, pp. 152–86. DOI: 10.1017/S0261444817000428
- Hornberger, Nancy H., and David Cassels Johnson. “Slicing the Onion Ethnographically: Layers and Spaces in Multilingual Language Education Policy and Practice.” TESOL Quarterly, vol. 41, no. 3, 2007, pp. 509–32.
- Hult, Francis M. “Language Ecology and Linguistic Landscape Analysis.” Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery, edited by Durk Gorter, Routledge, 2009, pp. 88–104.
- Hult, Francis M. “Language Policy and Planning and Linguistic Landscapes.” The Oxford Handbook of Language Policy and Planning, edited by James W. Tollefson and Miguel Peréz-Milans, Oxford UP, 2018, pp. 333–51.
- Hult, Francis M., and David Cassels Johnson. Research Methods in Language Policy and Planning: A Practical Guide. John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
- Hult, Francis M., and Helen Kelly-Holmes. “Spectacular Language and Creative Marketing in a Singapore Tailor Shop.” International Journal of Multilingualism, vol. 16, no. 1, 2019, pp. 79–93. DOI: 10.1080/14790718.2018.1500263
- Ivanova, Olga. “Language Situation in Post-Soviet Kyiv: Ukrainian and Russian in the Linguistic Landscape and Communicative Practices.” Sociolinguistic Transition in Former Eastern Bloc Countries, edited by Marian Sloboda, Peter Lang, 2016, pp. 379–405.
- Jernudd, Björn H., and Jiří V. Neustupný. “Language Planning: For Whom.” Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Language Planning, Université Laval, 1987.
- Johnson, David Cassels. Language Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Research and Practice in Applied Linguistics.
- Kelly-Holmes, Helen. “Theorizing Market in Sociolinguistics.” Sociolinguistics: Theoretical Debates, edited by Nikolas Coupland, Cambridge UP, 2016, pp. 157–72.
- Kniazeva, E. “Mezhnatsional'nye otnosheniia i kul'turnaia situatsiia v Odesse za gody nezavisimosti.” Etnologiia Odessy v istoricheskoi i sovremennoi perspektivakh, edited by P. Lozoviuk et al., Irbis, 2017, pp. 174–91.
- Kulyk, Volodymyr. “Language and Identity in Ukraine after Euromaidan.” Thesis Eleven, vol. 136, no. 1, 2016, pp. 90–106.
- Kulyk, Volodymyr. “Memory and Language: Different Dynamics in the Two Aspects of Identity Politics in Post-Euromaidan Ukraine.” Nationalities Papers, vol. 47, no. 6, 2019, pp. 1030–47. DOI: 10.1017/nps.2018.60
- Kulyk, Volodymyr. “The Politics of Ethnicity in Post-Soviet Ukraine: Beyond Brubaker.” Journal of Ukrainian Studies, vol. 26, nos. 1–2, 2001, pp. 197–221.
- Kuzio, Taras. Ukraine: State and Nation Building. Routledge, 2002.
- Landry, R., and R. Y. Bourhis. “Linguistic Landscape and Ethnolinguistic Vitality: An Empirical Study.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology, vol. 16, 1997, pp. 23–49. DOI: 10.1177/0261927X970161002
- Lanza, Elizabeth, and Kristin Vold Lexander. “11. Family Language Practices in Multilingual Transcultural Families.” Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Multilingualism, 2019, pp. 229–52. DOI: 10.1515/9781501507984-011
- Liskovich, Miroslav. “Ne zastavliali: roditeli pervoklashek v Odesse soznatel'no vybirali gosudarstvennyi iazyk.” Ukrinform, 22 Aug. 2018, https://www.ukrinform.ru/rubric-society/2522962-ne-zastavlali-roditeli-pervoklasek-v-odesse-soznatelno-vybirali-gosudarstvennyj-azyk.html. Accessed 11 Apr. 2022.
- L'nyavskiy, Svetlana. “Ukrainian Language Policy: The Status of Russian in English Language Medium Ukrainian and Russian Newspapers and in the Linguistic Landscape of Four Regions.” Lund University Research Publications, 2016, https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lup/publication/8626476. Accessed 11 Apr. 2022.
- Lozoviuk, Petr. “Protoetnograficheskoe vospriiatie odesskogo prostranstva.” Etnologiia Odessy v istoricheskoi i sovremennoi perspektivakh, edited by P. Lozoviuk et al., Irbis, 2017, pp. 21–68.
- Lozoviuk, Petr, and Aleksandr Prigarin. “Odessa v perspektivakh kul'tur i retrospektivakh issledovatelei.” Etnologiia Odessy v istoricheskoi i sovremennoi perspektivakh, edited by P. Lozoviuk et al., Irbis, 2017, pp. 5–20.
- Martin-Jones, Marilyn, and Ildegarda da Costa Cabral. “The Critical Ethnographic Turn in Research on Language Policy and Planning.” The Oxford Handbook of Language Policy and Planning, edited by James W. Tollefson and Miguel Peréz-Milans, Oxford UP, 2018, pp. 71–92.
- Mischenko, N. “The Golden Mile: Who Owns the Commercial Real Estate on the Most Expensive Street in Ukraine?” Forbes, 28 Jan. 2013, https://davaiknam.ru/text/zolotaya-milya-komu-prinadlejit-kommercheskaya-nedvijimoste-na. Accessed 14 April 2019.
- Muth, Sebastian. “Linguistic Landscapes on the Other Side of the Border: Signs, Language and the Construction of Cultural Identity in Transnistria.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol. 2014, no. 227, 2014, pp. 25–46. DOI: 10.1515/ijsl-2013-0086
- Nekvapil, Jiří. “The Integrative Potential of Language Management Theory.” Language Management in Contact Situations: Perspectives from Three Continents, edited by Jiří Nekvapil and Tamah Sherman, Peter Lang, 2009, pp. 1–11. Prague Papers on Language, Society and Interaction 1.
- Nekvapil, Jiří, and Tamah Sherman. “An Introduction: Language Management Theory in Language Policy and Planning.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol. 232, 2015, pp. 1–12. DOI: 10.1515/ijsl-2014-0039
- Pavlenko, Aneta. “Linguistic Landscape of Kyiv, Ukraine: A Diachronic Study.” Linguistic Landscape in the City, edited by Elana Shohamy et al., Multilingual Matters, 2010, pp. 133–50.
- Pavlenko, Aneta. “Language Conflict in Post-Soviet Linguistic Landscapes.” Journal of Slavic Linguistics, vol. 17, nos. 1–2, 2009, pp. 247–74. DOI: 10.1353/jsl.0.0025
- Pavlenko, Aneta. “Transgression As the Norm: Russian in Linguistic Landscape of Kyiv, Ukraine.” Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape, edited by Durk Gorter et al., Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, pp. 36–56.
- Pavlenko, Aneta, and Alex Mullen. “Why Diachronicity Matters in the Study of Linguistic Landscapes.” Linguistic Landscape. An International Journal, vol. 1, no. 1–2, 2015, pp. 114–32. DOI: 10.1075/ll.1.1-2.07pav
- Pearson, Pamela. Language Policy in Rwanda: Shifting Linguistic and Educational Landscape. 2016. Georgia State University, PhD dissertation.
- “Poiasniuval'na zapyska do proektu Zakonu Ukraïny ‘Pro movy v Ukraïnі.’” Platforma LIGA:ZAKON, 31 May 2019, http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/GH7ZN00A.html. Accessed 12 Apr. 2022.
- Polese, Abel. “Building a Ukrainian Identity in Odessa: Negotiation of Markers and Informal Nationalism.” Otoritas: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, vol. 8, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1–16. DOI: 10.26618/ojip.v8i1.1014
- Polese, Abel, et al. “Negotiating Spaces and the Public-Private Boundary: Language Policies versus Language Use Practices in Odessa.” Space and Culture, vol. 22, no. 3, 2018, pp. 263–79. DOI: 10.1177/1206331218799021
- Popova, I. M. “The Language Situation As a Factor of Political Self-Determination and Cultural Development.” Russian Education & Society, vol. 36, no. 9, 1994, pp. 30–46. DOI: 10.2753/res1060-9393360930
- Prigarin, A. “Rynok kak bazar.” Etnologiia Odessy v istoricheskoi i sovremennoi perspektivakh, edited by P. Lozoviuk et al., Irbis, 2017, pp. 122–59.
- “Pro pryiniattia za osnovu proektu Zakonu Ukraïny pro vnesennia zmin do Zakonu Ukraïny ‘Pro reklamu’ shchodo movy reklamy.” Platforma LIGA:ZAKON, 18 July 2018, http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/DH6KQ72A.html. Accessed 12 Apr. 2022.
- “Pro zakhody shchodo zabezpechennia rehional'noi movnoi polityky v misti Kyievi.” Kyivs'ka Mis'ka Rada, 5 Oct. 2017, http://kmr.ligazakon.ua/SITE2/l_docki2.nsf/alldocWWW/090BDB9923089531C22581CC003C7D50?OpenDocument. Accessed 12 Apr. 2022.
- “Pro zasady derzhavnoi movnoi polityky.” Verkhovna Rada Ukrainy, 1 Jan. 2020, https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5029-17#n66. Accessed 12 Apr. 2022.
- Pryor, Susie, and Sanford Grossbart. “Ethnography of an American Main Street.” International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, vol. 33, no. 11, 2005, pp. 806–23. DOI: 10.1108/09590550510629400
- Rafael, Eliezer Ben, et al. “Linguistic Landscape as Symbolic Construction of the Public Space: The Case of Israel.” Linguistic Landscape, 2006, pp. 7–30. DOI: 10.1080/14790710608668383
- Richardson, Tanya. Kaleidoscopic Odessa: History and Place in Contemporary Ukraine. Toronto UP, 2008.
- Ruíz, Richard. “Orientations in Language Planning.” NABE Journal, vol. 8, no. 2, 1984, pp. 15–34. DOI: 10.1080/08855072.1984.10668464
- “‘Ruky het' vid movy’: Odessity vystupaiut protiv izmenenii zakona o iazyke.” Novosti Odessy—Odessa.online, 16 July 2020, https://odessa.online/odessity-prisoedinilis-k-vseukrainskoj-aktsii-protiv-yazykovogo-zakonoproekta-nardepa-slugi/. Accessed 11 Apr. 2022.
- Ryazanova-Clarke, Larissa. Russian Language Outside the Nation. Edinburgh UP, 2014.
- Schmid, Ulrich, and Oksana Myshlovska, editors. Regionalism without Regions: Reconceptualizing Ukraine’s Heterogeneity. Central European UP, 2019.
- Scollon, Suzie Wong. Nexus Analysis: Discourse and the Emerging Internet. Routledge, 2004.
- Scollon, Suzie Wong. Personal interview. Dec. 2017.
- Scollon, Suzanne, and Ingrid de Saint-Georges. “Mediated Discourse Analysis.” The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Analysis, edited by James Paul Gee, 2011, pp. 66–78.
- Scollon, Ron, and Suzie Wong Scollon. Discourses in Place: Language in the Material World. Routledge, 2003.
- Scollon, Ron, and Suzie Wong Scollon. “Nexus Analysis: Refocusing Ethnography on Action.” Journal of Sociolinguistics, vol. 11, no. 5, 2007, pp. 608–25. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9841.2007.00342.x
- Shevel, Oxana. “Nationality in Ukraine: Some Rules of Engagement.” East European Politics and Societies, vol. 16, no. 2, 2002, pp. 386–413. DOI: 10.1177/088832540201600203
- Shohamy, Elana. Language Policy: Hidden Agendas and New Approaches. Routledge, 2006.
- Shohamy, Elana, and Durk Gorter, editors. Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery. Routledge, 2009.
- Shul'ga, Olia. “V Kieve TsUM Akhmetova arenduet zemliu na Khreshchatike v 50 raz deshevle rynochnoi tseny—SMI.” ZN.UA, 19 Nov. 2015, https://zn.ua/UKRAINE/v-kieve-cum-ahmetova-arenduet-zemlyu-na-kreschatike-v-50-raz-deshevle-rynochnoy-ceny-smi-195995_.html. Accessed 11 Apr. 2022.
- Sifneos, Evrydiki. Imperial Odessa: Peoples, Spaces, Identities. Brill, 2017.
- Siiner, Maarja, and Svetlana L'nyavskiy-Ekelund. “Priming Language Political Issues As Issues of State Security: A Corpus-Assisted Discourse Analysis of Language Ideological Debates in Estonian Media before and after the Ukrainian Crisis.” Language Policy beyond the State, edited by Maarja Siiner et al., Springer, 2017, pp. 25–44.
- Skvirskaja, Vera. “‘Language is a Political Weapon’ or on Language Troubles in Post-Soviet Odesa.” Language Policy and Language Situation in Ukraine, edited by Juliane Besters-Dilger, Peter Lang, 2009, pp. 175–200.
- Søvik, Margrethe B. “Language Practices and the Language Situation in Kharkiv: Examining the Concept of Legitimate Language in Relation to Identification and Utility.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol. 2010, no. 201, 2010, pp. 5-28.2010, pp. 5–28. DOI: 10.1515/ijsl.2010.002
- Spolsky, Bernard. Language Management. Cambridge UP, 2009.
- Stattia 26 ZU Pro zasady derzhavnoi movnoi polityky: Mova reklamy i markuvannia tovariv. Vid 03.07.2012 No. 5029-VI. Kodeksy.com.ua, 7 Mar. 2012, https://kodeksy.com.ua/pro_zasadi_derzhavnoyi_movnoyi_politiki/26.htm. Accessed 12 Apr. 2022.
- Swyngedouw, Erik, and Nikolas C. Heynen. “Urban Political Ecology, Justice and the Politics of Scale.” Antipode, vol. 35, no. 5, 2003, pp. 898–918. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2003.00364.x
- Tollefson, James W., and Miguel Pérez-Milans, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Language Policy and Planning. Oxford UP, 2018.
- Weirich, Anna-Christine. “Access and Reach of Linguistic Repertoires in Periods of Change: A Theoretical Approach to Sociolinguistic Inequalities.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language, vol. 2021, no. 272, 2021, pp. 157–84. DOI: 10.1515/ijsl-2020-0047
- Wilson, Andrew. Ukraine Crisis: What It Means for the West. Yale UP, 2014.
- “Za 2017 otkrylos' 168 magazinov kosmetiki Eva.” Delo.ua, 31 Jan. 2018. https://delo.ua/business/za-2017-god-ritejler-rush-otkryl-168-magazinov-kosmetiki-eva-338597/. Accessed 11 Apr. 2022.