Résumés
Résumé
Les sections 36(1) et 36(2) de la Loi sur l’immigration et la protection des réfugiés (LIPR) établissent les critères pour qu’un non-citoyen trouvé coupable d’une infraction criminelle au Canada soit déclaré interdit de territoire pour motif de (grande) criminalité. Cet article conceptualise ces interdictions de territoire comme une double peine pour les non-citoyens et comme un acte d’internalisation de la frontière canadienne, et soutient que les juges du système de justice pénale ont acquis le pouvoir de (dé)construire cette frontière. Sur la base d’une analyse jurisprudentielle de 59 décisions écrites par les cours municipales et la Cour du Québec entre 2002 et 2023, l’étude s’intéresse à la façon dont les juges du système de justice pénale conçoivent leur rôle à la lumière d’un tel pouvoir. Les résultats suggèrent que les juges du système de justice pénale se divisent en trois grands groupes selon la conception qu’ils ont de leur rôle : si certains juges acceptent et intègrent dans leur processus décisionnel le pouvoir de contribuer à la construction, le maintien ou le démantèlement de la frontière, d’autres font des efforts pour justifier pourquoi ils refusent de l’intégrer. L’article conclut que le pouvoir donné aux juges du système pénal par la LIPR a transformé la pénalité canadienne à travers non seulement la modification des mesures qui sont imposées par le système, mais aussi et surtout à travers la modification des pratiques des acteurs qui en font partie.
Mots-clés :
- Double peine,
- interdiction de territoire,
- immigration,
- rôle judiciaire,
- juge
Abstract
Sections 36(1) and 36(2) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act set out the criteria for a non-citizen convicted of a criminal offence in Canada to be declared inadmissible on grounds of (serious) criminality. This article conceptualizes these inadmissibilities as both a double punishment for non-citizens, as well as an act of internalization of the Canadian border, while also arguing that judges in the criminal justice system have acquired the power to (de)construct Canadian borders. Based on a jurisprudential analysis of 59 decisions written by municipal courts and the Cour du Québec between 2002 and 2023, the study examines how judges in the criminal justice system perceive their role in light of such power. The results suggest that judges in the criminal justice system fall into three broad groups based on their conception of their judicial role, with some accepting and integrating into their decision-making the power to contribute to the construction, maintenance or dismantling of the border, and others going to great lengths to justify why they refuse to do so. The article concludes that the power granted to judges in the criminal justice system by the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act has transformed the Canadian criminal justice system, not only by modifying the measures it imposes, but also, and above all, by modifying the practices of the actors involved.
Keywords:
- Double punishment,
- inadmissibility,
- immigration,
- judicial role,
- judge
Resumen
Las secciones 36(1) y 36(2) de la Ley de Inmigración y Protección de los Refugiados establecen los criterios para que un no ciudadano condenado por un delito en Canadá sea declarado inadmisible por motivos de criminalidad. Conceptualizando este tipo de inadmisibilidad como una doble pena para los no ciudadanos, así como un acto de internalización de la frontera canadiense, este artículo argumenta que los jueces del sistema de justicia penal han adquirido el poder de (de)construir las fronteras canadienses. Basándose en un análisis jurisprudencial de 59 decisiones escritas por los tribunales municipales y por la Cour du Québec entre 2002 y 2023, el artículo examina cómo los jueces del sistema de justicia penal perciben su papel a la luz de dicho poder de (de)construcción de las fronteras. Los resultados sugieren que los jueces del sistema de justicia penal se dividen en tres grandes grupos en función de la concepción que tienen de su rol : unos aceptan e integran en su toma de decisiones el poder de contribuir a la construcción, el mantenimiento o el desmantelamiento de la frontera, mientras que otros se esfuerzan por justificar por qué se niegan a hacerlo. El artículo concluye que el poder otorgado a los jueces del sistema de justicia penal por la Ley de Inmigración y Protección de los Refugiados ha transformado el sistema de justicia penal canadiense, no sólo modificando las medidas impuestas por el sistema, sino modificando también y sobre todo las prácticas de los actores de dicho sistema.
Palabras clave:
- Doble pena,
- inadmisibilidad,
- immigración,
- rol judicial,
- juez
Parties annexes
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