Résumés
Abstract
Background: An ever-increasing range of simulation devices are available for direct ophthalmoscopy. However, the effectiveness of simulation design and components have not been evaluated. This systematic review aims to describe and evaluate direct ophthalmoscopy simulation models and highlight components that have been found to be effective, and challenges faced when using simulation models.
Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted according to the PRISMA statement in four online databases: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. Citation searching using Google Scholar and Citationchaser was also undertaken. Validity and effectiveness were assessed using a validated scale based on Messick’s modern validity framework and McGaghie’s proposed levels of simulation-based translational outcomes respectively.
Results: A total of 1,275 titles and abstracts were screened. A total of 37 studies were included in the final analysis. Physical models, digital models and virtual reality direct ophthalmoscopy models were described in studies. A plastic cannister design was the most common in the literature, followed by a sphere with a painted fundus and the EyeSi Direct Ophthalmoscope Simulator (VRmagic, GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). Simulation was effective in its ability to allow students to engage in repeated practice without patient discomfort. The lack of realism was the most noted limitation of simulation practice.
Conclusion: While more robust evidence is needed to support simulation design efficacy in direct ophthalmoscopy, simulation-based teaching of direct ophthalmoscopy will likely be increasingly effective as technological advancements support improved realism and affordability.
Résumé
Contexte : Il existe une gamme toujours plus large de dispositifs de simulation pour l'ophtalmoscopie directe. Cependant, l'efficacité de la conception et des composants des simulations n'a pas été évaluée. Cette revue systématique vise à décrire et à évaluer les modèles de simulation d'ophtalmoscopie directe, à mettre en évidence les composants qui se sont révélés efficaces et à souligner les défis rencontrés lors de l'utilisation de modèles de simulation.
Méthodes : Une revue systématique de la littérature a été réalisée conformément à la déclaration PRISMA dans quatre bases de données en ligne : Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library et Web of Science. Une recherche de citations à l'aide de Google Scholar et Citationchaser a également été effectuée. La validité et l'efficacité ont été évaluées à l'aide d'une échelle validée basée respectivement sur le cadre de validité moderne de Messick et les niveaux proposés par McGaghie pour les résultats translationnels basés sur la simulation.
Résultats : Au total, 1 275 titres et résumés ont été examinés. Au total, 37 études ont été incluses dans l'analyse finale. Les études décrivaient des modèles physiques, des modèles numériques et des modèles d'ophtalmoscopie directe en réalité virtuelle. La conception d'un boîtier en plastique était la plus courante dans la littérature, suivie d'une sphère avec un fond peint et du simulateur d'ophtalmoscope direct EyeSi (VRmagic, GmbH, Mannheim, Allemagne). La simulation s'est avérée efficace pour permettre aux étudiants de s'exercer de manière répétée sans causer de gêne aux patients. Le manque de réalisme était la limite la plus souvent mentionnée de la pratique de la simulation.
Conclusion : Bien que des preuves plus solides soient nécessaires pour étayer l'efficacité de la conception de la simulation en ophtalmoscopie directe, l'enseignement de l'ophtalmoscopie directe basé sur la simulation sera probablement de plus en plus efficace à mesure que les progrès technologiques permettront d'améliorer le réalisme et l'accessibilité financière.
Parties annexes
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