Résumés
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has wreaked havoc on the livelihoods of people around the world. Structural economic constraints are highlighted at such moments of crisis, while those most affected have recourse to their repertoire of managing strategies. This case study of people from Allpachico, a Peruvian peasant community, compares their responses to the current crisis with their responses to one in the 1980s, showcasing similarities in strategies (especially reciprocity and the sale or exchange of necessary reproductive tasks and products) and differences in the form they take. In the 1980s, women’s work and kin reciprocity helped people access use-values. By 2020, neoliberalism had transformed the national economy and Allpachiqueño migrants overwhelmingly had precarious informal and contract work. Reciprocity and reproductive tasks are still central to livelihood, but now tend to be monetized rather than involving use-values. As that earlier crisis shattered both secure employment and peasant farming to lay the basis for neoliberalism, so now it appears that the COVID-19 pandemic, through the monetization of government support and reciprocity alike, is accelerating financialization in the form of financial services and debt.
Keywords:
- Financialization,
- monetization,
- reciprocity,
- reproductive work,
- crisis,
- livelihood strategies,
- COVID-19 pandemic,
- Peru,
- gender
Résumé
La pandémie de COVID-19 a ravagé les moyens de subsistance des populations du monde entier. Les contraintes économiques structurelles sont mises en évidence dans ces moments de crise, tandis que les personnes les plus touchées ont recours à leur répertoire de stratégies de subsistances. Cette étude de cas sur les habitants d’Allpachico, une une communauté paysanne péruvienne, compare leurs réponses à la crise actuelle avec leurs réponses à celle des années 1980, mettant en évidence des similitudes dans les stratégies (notamment la réciprocité et la vente ou l’échange de tâches reproductives et de produits nécessaires) et des différences dans la forme qu’elles prennent. Dans les années 1980, le travail des femmes et la réciprocité de la parenté ont aidé les gens à accéder aux valeurs d’usage. En 2020, le néolibéralisme a transformé l’économie nationale et les migrants d’Allpachico ont majoritairement un travail informel et contractuel précaire. La réciprocité et les tâches reproductives sont toujours au coeur des moyens de subsistance, mais elles tendent désormais à être monétisées plutôt que d’impliquer des valeurs d’usage. Tout comme la crise précédente a brisé les emplois sûrs et l’agriculture paysanne pour jeter les bases du néolibéralisme, il apparaît aujourd’hui que la pandémie de COVID-19, par la monétisation des aides publiques et de la réciprocité, accélère la financiarisation sous la forme de services financiers et de dettes.
Mots-clés :
- financiarisation,
- monétarisation,
- réciprocité,
- travail reproductif,
- crise,
- stratégies de subsistance,
- pandémie de COVID-19,
- Pérou,
- genre
Parties annexes
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