Résumés
Abstract
Science twines through many of the discussions related to hope for a return to normalcy within public discussions of COVID‑19. The framings of techno-scientific solutions for COVID‑19 are similar to those that are presented to address many societal problems. The messy scientific and regulatory underpinnings of this desired silver bullet rarely make it fully into view. Technoscientific-related hope and its associated affects can operate as a kind of “cruel optimism” (Berlant 2010, 2011). It can be an affective response to return to life as “normal” that is psychologically soothing, even as its enactment may replicate destructive social, political, and economic structures. Hope and technoscience thread throughout the interactions between journalists and health officials in the health press briefings in the first wave of the COVID‑19 pandemic. Technoscientific complexity that challenges the desire to return to normal is rarely brought up in Ontario and Nova Scotia public health briefings. But when it is, health officials in this zone of interaction balance explanations of scientific reality and caution, while attempting to not crush hope for a techno-scientifically mediated return to normal. As such, public health discourse obscures or tempers cruel optimism rather than directly confronting it.
Keywords:
- anthropology of science,
- public health,
- Canada,
- cruel optimism,
- hope,
- COVID‑19,
- vaccines,
- diagnostic tests,
- proteomics,
- neuroscience
Résumé
La science est au coeur de nombreux débats publics en lien avec l’espoir d’un retour à la normale dans le cadre de la COVID-19. Les solutions technoscientifiques pour la COVID-19 sont présentées de manière similaire à celles mises en avant pour traiter de nombreux problèmes de société. Les fondements scientifiques et réglementaires incertains de la solution miracle souhaitée sont rarement pleinement visibles. Les espoirs suscités par les technosciences et les affects qui leur sont associés peuvent fonctionner comme une sorte « d’optimisme cruel » (Berlant 2010 ; 2011). Il peut s’agir d’une réponse affective à l’idée d’un retour à la vie « normale » qui serait psychologiquement apaisante, même si ce retour peut reproduire des structures sociales, politiques et économiques destructrices. Pendant la première vague de la pandémie de COVID-19, l’espoir et la technoscience ont imprégné les interactions entre journalistes et responsables de la santé lors des points de presse sur la santé. La complexité technoscientifique qui remet en cause les espoirs d’un retour à la normale est rarement évoquée dans les points de presse sur la santé publique en Ontario et en Nouvelle-Écosse. Mais lorsqu’elle l’est, les responsables de la santé dans cette zone d’interaction mettent en balance prudence et explications de la réalité scientifique, tout en évitant d’étouffer l’espoir d’un retour à la normale par l’intermédiaire des technosciences. Ainsi, le discours de la santé publique occulte ou tempère l’optimisme cruel plutôt que de l’affronter directement.
Mots-clés :
- anthropologie de la science,
- santé publique,
- Canada,
- optimisme cruel,
- espoir,
- COVID-19,
- vaccins,
- tests de diagnostic,
- protéomique,
- neuroscience
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Abbas, Muhammad Zaheer. 2020. “’Practical Implications of ‘Vaccine Nationalism’: A Short-Sighted and Risky Approach in Response to Covid-19.” Research Paper. South Centre. Geneva: South Centre, November. https://www.southcentre.int/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/RP-124.pdf.
- Anzaldúa, Gloria E. 2009. “The New Mestiza Nation.” In The Gloria Anzaldúa Reader, edited by AnaLouise Keating, 203–216. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Beisel, Uli, and Christophe Boëte. 2013. “The Flying Public Health Tool: Genetically Modified Mosquitoes and Malaria Control.” Science as Culture 22 (1): 38–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2013.776364.
- Benton, Aida, interview by John Githongo. 2020. Dr Adia Benton: COVID-19 Interventions Will Become Part of Our Social Fabric https://africauncensored.online/covid-19-conversations-12/.
- Berlant, Lauren. 2010. “Cruel Optimism.” In The Affect Theory Reader, edited by Melissa Gregg, Gregory J. Seigworth and Sara Ahmed, 93–137. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Berlant, Lauren. 2011. Cruel Optimism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Bhagavathula, Akshaya S., Wafa A. Aldhaleei, Alessandro Rovetta, and Jamal Rahmani. 2020. “Vaccines and Drug Therapeutics to Lock Down Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials.” Cureus 12 (5): e8342. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8342.
- CBC News. 2020. “‘The Message Might Get across Better’: Winnipeg Family Builds Lego Video of PM’s COVID-19 Message to Kids.” CBC News. 7 April. Accessed 1 August 2020. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/lego-video-coronavirus-1.5524282.
- Chafekar, Aasiyah, and Burtram C. Fielding. 2018. “MERS-CoV: Understanding the Latest Human Coronavirus Threat.” Viruses 10 (2): 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10020093.
- Davis-Floyd, Robbie E. 1994. “The Technocratic Body: American Childbirth as Cultural Expression.” Social Science & Medicine 38 (8): 1125–1140. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90228-3.
- DelVecchio Good, Mary-Jo. 2001. “The Biotechnical Embrace.” Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 25 (4): 395–410. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013097002487.
- DelVecchio Good, Mary-Jo, Byron J. Good, Cynthia Schaffer, and Stuart E. Lind. 1990. “American Oncology and the Discourse on Hope.” Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 14 (1): 59–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00046704.
- Devlin, Mike. 2020. “Island Musician Scores a Hit with Ballad of Bonnie Henry.” Times Colonist. 8 April. Accessed 1 August 2020. https://www.timescolonist.com/entertainment/island-musician-scores-a-hit-with-ballad-of-bonnie-henry-1.24114211.
- Fortun, Michael. 2008. Promising Genomics: Iceland and DeCODE Genetics in a World of Speculation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Foucault, Michel. 1998. The Will to Knowledge: The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction. 1976. Translated by Robert Hurley. London: Penguin.
- Franklin, Sarah, and Celia Roberts. 2006. Born and Made: An Ethnography of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Graham, Janice. 2016. “Ambiguous Capture: Collaborative Capitalism and the Meningitis Vaccine Project.” Medical Anthropology 35 (5): 419–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2016.1167055.
- Graham, Janice. 2019. “Ebola Vaccine Innovation: A Case Study of Pseudoscapes in Global Health.” Critical Public Health 29 (4): 401–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2019.1597966.
- Graham, Janice E., Christina Holmes, Fiona McDonald, and Regna Darnell. 2021. “Introduction.” In Engagement, The Social Life of Standards: Ethnographic Methods for Local Engagement, edited by Janice Graham, Christina Holmes, Fiona McDonald and Regna Darnell, 3–21. Vancouver: UBC Press.
- Harmon, Shawn H. E., David Faour, Noni E. MacDonald, Janice Graham, Christoph Steffen, Louise Henaff, and Stephanie Shendale. 2020. “Strengthening Vaccination Frameworks: Findings of a Study on the Legal Foundations of National Immunization Technical Advisory Groups (NITAGs).” Vaccine 38 (4): 840–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.085.
- Herder, Matthew. 2020. “Transparency Too Little, Too Late ? Why and How Health Canada Should Make Clinical Data and Regulatory Decision-making Open to Scrutiny in the Face of COVID-19.” OSF Preprints. 5 November. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/evhnk.
- Holmes, Christina, Fiona McDonald, and Mavis Jones. 2021. “When Are Standards Necessary in the Lab ? Standards as Gateway or Barrier to Innovation in Proteomics.” In The Social Life of Standards: Ethnographic Methods for Local Engagement, edited by Janice Graham, Christina Holmes, Fiona McDonald and Regna Darnell, 63–67. Vancouver: UBC Press.
- Holmes, Christina, Siobhan M. Carlson, Fiona McDonald, Mavis Jones, and Janice Graham. 2016a. “Exploring the Post-Genomic World: Differing Explanatory and Manipulatory Functions of Post-Genomic Sciences.” New Genetics and Society 35 (1): 49–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/14636778.2015.1133280.
- Holmes, Christina, Fiona McDonald, Mavis Jones, and Janice Graham. 2016b. “Knowledge Translation: Moving Proteomics Science to Innovation in Society.” OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology 20 (6): 352–361. https://doi.org/10.1089/omi.2016.0032.
- Huang, Angkana T., Bernardo Garcia-Carreras, Matt Hitchings, Bingyi Yang, Leah Katzelnick, Susan M. Rattigan, Brooke A. Borgert, Carlos A. Moreno, Benjamin D. Solomon, Luke Trimmer-Smith, Veronique Etienne, Isabel Rodriguez-Barraquer, Justin Lessler, Henrik Salje, Donald S. Burke, Amy Wesolowski, and Derek A. T. Cummings. 2020. “A Systematic Review of Antibody Mediated Immunity to Coronaviruses: Antibody Kinetics, Correlates of Protection, and Association of Antibody Responses with Severity of Disease.” Nature Communications 11 (4704): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18450-4.
- Jones, Ryan Patrick. 2020. “Canada ‘Not at the Back of the Line’ for COVID-19 Vaccine, Moderna Chairman Says.” CBC News. 29 November. Accessed 29 November 2020. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-vaccine-moderna-covid-19-hadju-health-1.5821166.
- Judd, Amy, and Richard Zussman. 2020. “Dr. Henry Shoes Sell out as Fluevog Website Crashes amidst Excitement.” Global News. 23 April. Accessed 1 August 2020. https://globalnews.ca/news/6860502/bonnie-henry-shoe-john-fluevog-presale-start-thursday/.
- Kommenda, Niko, and Frank Hulley-Jones. 2020. “Covid Vaccine Tracker: When Will We Have a Coronavirus Vaccine ?” The Guardian. 8 August. Accessed 1 August 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2020/aug/08/covid-vaccine-tracker-when-will-we-have-a-coronavirus-vaccine.
- Latour, Bruno. 1987. Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- McKenna, Cora. 2020. “Name That Iconic Duo: Stephen McNeil and Robert Strang.” The Coast Halifax. 27 March. Accessed 1 August 2020. https://www.thecoast.ca/COVID19Needtoknow/archives/2020/03/27/name-that-iconic-duo-stephen-mcneil-and-robert-strang.
- Montenegro de Wit, Maywa. 2016. “Are We Losing Diversity ? Navigating Ecological, Political, and Epistemic Dimensions of Agrobiodiversity Conservation.” Agriculture and Human Values 33 (3): 625–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9642-7.
- Noorimotlagh, Zahra, Chiman Karami, Seyyed Abbas Mirzaee, Mohammadreza Kaffashian, Sanaz Mami, and Mahdieh Azizi. 2020. “Immune and Bioinformatics Identification of T Cell and B Cell Epitopes in the Protein Structure of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review.” International Immunopharmacology 86: 106738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106738.
- Novas, Carlos. 2006. “The Political Economy of Hope: Patients’ Organizations, Science and Biovalue.” BioSocieties 1 (3): 289–305. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1745855206003024.
- Pang, Junxiong, Min Xian Wang, Ian Yi Han Ang, Sharon Hui Xuan Tan, Ruth Frances Lewis, Jacinta I-Pei Chen, and Ramona A. Gutierrez. 2020. “Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-NCoV): A Systematic Review.” Journal of Clinical Medicine 9: 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030623.
- Patil, Anjuli. 2020. “Premier’s ‘Stay the Blazes Home’ Inspires Music, Merchandise, Memes.” CBC Nova Scotia. 4 April. Accessed 1 August 2020. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/stay-the-blazes-home-inspires-music-merchandise-memes-1.5522068.
- Reynolds, Peter. 1991. Stealing Fire: The Mythology of the Technocracy. Palo Alto, CA: Iconic Anthropology Press.
- Seaver, Nick. 2017. “Algorithms as Culture: Some Tactics for the Ethnography of Algorithmic Systems.” Big Data & Society 4 (2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717738104.
- Sercovich, Francisco Colman. 2020. “Coronavirus Pandemic: The Vaccine as Exit Strategy; A Global Hurdle Race against Time with a Split Jury.” SouthViews 203 (July 24). https://www.southcentre.int/southviews-no-203-24-july-2020/.
- Smallman, Melanie. 2020. “’Nothing To Do with the Science’: How an Elite Sociotechnical Imaginary Cements Policy Resistance to Public Perspectives on Science and Technology through the Machinery of Government.” Social Studies of Science 50 (4): 589–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/03063.
- Solar, O., and A. Irwin. 2010. “A Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health.” Social Determinants of Health Discussion Paper 2 (Policy and Practice). Geneva: World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/sdhconference/resources/ConceptualframeworkforactiononSD_eng.pdf.
- Stone, Glenn Davis, and Dominic Glover. 2017. “Disembedding Grain: Golden Rice, the Green Revolution, and Heirloom Seeds in the Philippines.” Agriculture and Human Values 34 (1): 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-016-9696-1.
- The Associated Press. 2020. “Moderna to Ask U.S., European Regulators to OK Emergency Use of COVID-19 Vaccine.” CBC News. 30 November. Accessed 1 December 2020. https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/moderna-regulators-vaccine-1.5821638.
- Winner, Langdon. 1980. “Do Artifacts Have Politics ?” Daedalus 109 (1): 121–136.
- Yates-Doerr, Emily. 2020. “Reworking the Social Determinants of Health: Responding to Material-Semiotic Indeterminacy in Public Health Interventions.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12586.