Résumés
Abstract
Based on an ethnographic study of Canadian women’s intimate relationships with a racialized man from the Global South, this article focuses on their experiences of the spousal reunification process. More specifically, I examine how the women emotionally and materially engage with spousal reunification procedures and administrative temporalities and how interactions with the Canadian immigration bureaucracy affect their subjectivity as women and citizens. I look at three embodied modes of involvement with bureaucratic procedures—waiting, working and fighting—each bringing forth its own set of emotions and creative coping strategies. I argue that love is central to the experience of the administrative procedures, as an ideological and technological tool used both by the state to regulate and discredit non-desirable relationships and by applicants to make sense of their position (of vulnerability) and to create meaningful narratives within state-imposed categories. A form of defensive agency emerges in women whose enormous application files, filled with “proof” of the authenticity of their relationship, shows how they have endorsed social anxieties about North-South intimacies and the strategies they have developed in order to legitimize their union.
Keywords:
- bureaucracy,
- agency,
- immigration,
- emotions,
- binational couples,
- Canada
Résumé
Sur la base d’une étude ethnographique des relations intimes qu’entretiennent des femmes canadiennes avec des hommes racisés du Sud global, cet article examine l’expérience que font ces femmes du processus de regroupement des conjoints. Plus précisément, il explore la manière dont celles-ci composent émotionnellement et matériellement avec les procédures de regroupement des conjoints et les temporalités administratives ainsi que la façon dont leurs interactions avec la bureaucratie de l’immigration canadienne affectent leur subjectivité en tant que femmes et citoyennes. L’article explore trois modes incarnés de rapport aux procédures bureaucratiques – l’attente, le travail et la lutte –, chaque mode produisant une gamme d’émotions et de stratégies d’adaptation créatives. Je soutiens que l’amour est au coeur de l’expérience des procédures administratives en tant qu’outil idéologique et technologique utilisé à la fois par l’État pour réguler et discréditer les relations non désirables et par les candidats pour donner un sens à leur position (de vulnérabilité) et pour créer des récits significatifs dans le cadre des catégories imposées par l’État. Une forme d’agentivité défensive prend forme chez ces femmes, dont les énormes dossiers d’immigration remplis de « preuves » de l’authenticité de leur relation montrent qu’elles ont intégré les inquiétudes de la société quant aux intimités Nord-Sud et développé des stratégies pour légitimer leur union.
Mots-clés :
- bureaucratie,
- agentivité,
- immigration,
- émotions,
- couples binationaux,
- Canada
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Alberoni, Francesco. 1995. “Énamoration et amour dans le couple.” In Sociologie de l’amour, Variations sur le sentiment amoureux, edited by Madeleine Moulin and Alain Éraly, 18–24. Bruxelles: Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles.
- Auyero, Javier. 2011. “Patients of the State: An Ethnographic Account of Poor People’s Waiting.” Latin American Research Review 46 (1): 5–29. www.jstor.org/stable/41261368.
- Baldassar, Loretta, Mihaela Nedelcu, Laura Merla, and Raelene Wilding. 2016. “ICT-based Co-presence in Transnational Families and Communities: Challenging the Premise of Face-to-face Proximity in Sustaining Relationships.” Global Networks 16 (2): 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12108.
- Beck-Gernsheim, Elisabeth. 2011. “The Marriage Route to Migration: Of Border Artists, Transnational Matchmaking and Imported Spouses.” Nordic Journal of Migration Research 1 (2): 60–68. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10202-011-0008-y.
- Bélanger, Danièle, and Guillermo Candiz. 2019. “The Politics of ‘Waiting’ for Care: Immigration Policy and Family Reunification in Canada.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46 (16): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1592399.
- Bloch, Alexia. 2011. “Intimate Circuits: Modernity, Migration and Marriage among Post-Soviet Women in Turkey.” Global Networks 11 (4): 502–521. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2011.00303.x.
- Bonjour, Saskia, and Betty de Hart. 2013. “A Proper Wife, a Proper Marriage: Constructions of ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ in Dutch Family Migration Policy.” European Journal of Women’s Studies 20 (1): 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506812456459.
- Brigham, Susan M., and Catherine B. Abidi. 2009. “International Female Migration to Atlantic Canada through Internet Mediated Match Making Agencies.” Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture & Social Justice 34 (1): 159–168.
- Charsley, Katharine. 2012. “Marriage, Migration and Transnational Spaces: A View from the UK.” In Transnational Marriage: New Perspectives from Europe and Beyond, edited by Katharine Charsley, 189–207. New York and London: Routledge.
- Charsley, Katharine, and Helena Wray. 2015. “Introduction: The Invisible (Migrant) Man.” Men and Masculinities 18 (4): 403–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X15575109.
- Constable, Nicole. 2003. Romance on a Global Stage: Pen Pals, Virtual Ethnography, and “Mail Order” Marriages. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- D’Aoust, Anne-Marie. 2013. “In the Name of Love: Marriage Migration, Governmentality, and Technologies of Love.” International Political Sociology 7 (3): 258–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12022.
- D’Aoust, Anne-Marie. 2017. “A Moral Economy of Suspicion: Love and Marriage Migration Management Practices in the United Kingdom.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 36 (1): 40–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775817716674.
- D’Aoust, Anne-Marie. 2018. “Réunification familiale et gestion de la migration par mariage au Canada: l’avocat comme acteur dans l’économie morale du soupçon.” Champ Pénal/Penal Field 15: 1–29. https://doi.org/10.4000/champpenal.9817.
- Dahles, Heidi, and Karin Bras. 1999. “Entrepreneurs in Romance Tourism in Indonesia.” Annals of Tourism Research 26 (2): 267–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00098-X.
- de Beauvoir, Simone. 1949. Le deuxième sexe, 2. Paris: Gallimard.
- Dekker, Rianne, Godfried Engbersen, and Marije Faber. 2016. “The Use of Online Media in Migration Networks.” Population, Space and Place 22 (6): 539–551. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1938.
- Deliovsky, Katerina. 2009. “Compulsory ‘White’ Heterosexuality: The Politics of Racial and Sexual Loyalty.” Socialist Studies/Études Socialistes 1 (2): 75–92. https://doi.org/10.18740/S48C85.
- Delaunay, Marie-Annick. 2006. L’immigration par escroquerie sentimentale. Paris: Tatamis.
- Dragojlovic, Ana. 2008. “Dutch Women and Balinese Men: Intimacies, Popular Discourses and Citizenship Rights.” The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 9 (4): 332–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/14442210802449035.
- Eggebo, Helga. 2013. “A Real Marriage? Applying for Marriage Migration to Norway.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39 (5): 773–789. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2013.756678.
- Elliot, Alice. 2015. “Paused Subjects: Waiting for Migration in North Africa.” Time & Society 25 (1): 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X15588090.
- Esara, Pilapa. 2009. “Imagining the Western Husband: Thai Women’s Desires for Matrimony, Status and Beauty.” Ethnos 74 (3): 403–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141840903053162.
- Faier, Lieba. 2007. “Filipina Migrants in Rural Japan and their Professions of Love.” American Ethnologist 34 (1): 148–162. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2007.34.1.148.
- Fassin, Éric. 2010. “National Identities and Transnational Intimacies: Sexual Democracy and the Politics of Immigration in Europe.” Public Culture 22 (3): 507–529. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-2010-007.
- Ferguson, Ann. 1984. “Sex War: The Debate between Radical and Libertarian Feminists.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 10 (1): 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1086/494117.
- Fernandez, Nadine T., and Tina G. Jensen. 2014. “Intimate Contradictions: Comparing the Impact of Danish Family Unification Laws on Pakistani and Cuban Marriage Migrants.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40 (7): 1136–1153. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2013.854692.
- Foblets, Marie-Claire, and Dirk Vanheule. 2006. “Marriages of Convenience in Belgium: The Punitive Approach Gains Ground in Migration Law.” European Journal of Migration and Law 8 (3–4): 263–280. https://doi.org/10.1163/157181606778882564.
- Friedman, Sara L. 2010. “Determining ‘Truth’ at the Border: Immigration Interviews, Chinese Marital Migrants, and Taiwan’s Sovereignty Dilemmas.” Citizenship Studies 14 (2): 167–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621021003594817.
- Friedman, Sara L. 2015. “Regulating Cross-Border Intimacy: Authenticity Paradigms and the Specter of Illegality among Chinese Marital Immigrants to Taiwan.” In Migrant Encounters: Intimate Labor, the State, and Mobility Across Asia, edited by Sara L. Friedman and Pardis Mahdavi, 206–230. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Frohlick, Susan. 2009. “Pathos of Love in Puerto Viejo, Costa Rica: Emotion, Travel and Migration.” Mobilities 4 (3): 389–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450100903195524.
- Geoffrion, Karine. 2016. “Re-chercher l’amour transnational: Le couple ensemble, le couple éloigné et le projet d’immigration du conjoint.” Émulations 18: 63–76. https://doi.org/10.14428/emulations.018.004.
- Geoffrion, Karine. 2017. Femmes canadiennes et intimités transnationales: Mobilités, ancrages et réunification conjugale. PhD dissertation, Université de Montréal.
- Geoffrion, Karine. 2018. “‘Mariage non-authentique’: Femmes canadiennes en couple binational face à la discrimination administrative.” Cahiers du Genre 1 (64): 67–83. https://doi.org/10.3917/cdge.064.0067
- Geoffrion, Karine. Unpublished. “La réunification conjugale sur Facebook: Émotions et solidarités féminines.”
- Geoffrion and Cretton, Viviane. This issue.
- Giddens, Anthony. 1992. The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Griffiths, Melanie B.E. 2014. “Out of Time: The Temporal Uncertainties of Refused Asylum Seekers and Immigration Detainees.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40 (12): 1991–2009. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2014.907737.
- Guerry, Linda. 2016. “La nationalité des femmes mariées sur la scène internationale (1918–35).” Clio 43 (1): 73–93.
- Hage, Ghassan. 2009. “Waiting Out the Crisis: On Stuckness and Governmentality.” In Waiting, edited by Ghassan Hage, 1–9. Carlton: Melbourne University Press.
- Haidt, Jonathan. 2003. “The Moral Emotions.” In Handbook of Affective Sciences, edited by Richard J. Davidson, Klaus R. Scherer, and H. Hill Goldsmith, 852–870. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Haince, Marie-Claude. 2014. “La domestication de l’autre ou la fabrication de l’‘immigrant parfait’.” Diversité Urbaine 14 (1): 95–116. https://doi.org/10.7202/1027816ar.
- Hall, Stuart. 1992. “The West and the Rest: Discourse and Power.” In Formations of Modernity, edited by Stuart Hall and Bram Gieben, 275–332. Cambridge: Policy Press.
- Hall, Rachel A. 2002. “When is a Wife not a Wife? Some Observations on the Immigration Experiences of South Asian Women in West Yorkshire.” Contemporary Politics 8 (1): 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569770220130121.
- Helleiner, Jane. 2012. “Whiteness and Narratives of a Racialized Canada-US Border at Niagara.” Canadian Journal of Sociology 37 (2): 109–135. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/canajsocicahican.37.2.109.
- Hull, Matthew S. 2012. “Documents and Bureaucracy.” Annual Review of Anthropology 41: 251–267. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.104953.
- Hochschild, Arlie R. 1983. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Illouz, Eva. 1997. Consuming the Romantic Utopia: Love and the Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. 2014. Evaluation of the Family Reunification Program. Ottawa: Evaluation Division, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada.
- Jackson, Stevi. 1993. “Even Sociologists Fall in Love: An Exploration in the Sociology of Emotions.” Sociology 27 (2): 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038593027002002.
- Jackson, Sue. 2001. “Happily Never After: Young Women’s Stories of Abuse in Heterosexual Love Relationships.” Feminism & Psychology 11 (3): 305–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353501011003004.
- Johnson-Hanks, Jennifer. 2007. Women on the Market: Marriage, Consumption, and the Internet in Urban Cameroon.” American Ethnologist 34 (4): 642–658. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2007.34.4.642.
- Jónasdóttir, Anna G. 2011. “What Kind of Power is ‘Love Power’?” In Sexuality, Gender and Power: Intersectional and Transnational Perspectives, edited by Anna G. Jónasdóttir, Valerie Bryson and Kathleen B. Jones, 45–59. New York and Abigdon: Routledge.
- Kitossa, Tamari, and Katerina Deliovsky. 2010. “Interracial Unions with White Partners and Racial Profiling: Experiences and Perspectives.” International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory 3 (2): 512–530. https://ijcst.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/ijcst/article/view/31101/28537.
- Kobelinsky, Carolina. 2010. L’accueil des demandeurs d’asile. Une ethnographie de l’attente. Paris: Éditions du Cygne.
- Kofman, Eleonore. 2004. “Family-Related Migration: A Critical Review of European Studies.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 30 (2): 243–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183042000200687.
- Kwon, June H. 2015. “The Work of Waiting: Love and Money in Korean Chinese Transnational Migration.” Cultural Anthropology 30 (3): 477–500. https://doi.org/10.14506/ca30.3.06.
- Lavanchy, Anne. 2013. “L’Amour aux services de l’état civil: Régulations institutionnelles de l’intimité et fabrique de la ressemblance nationale en Suisse.” Migrations Société (150): 61–77. https://doi.org/10.3917/migra.150.0061.
- Lévi, Florence. This issue.
- Lipsky, Michael. 2010. Street-Level Bureaucracy. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
- Lutz, Catherine, and Geoffrey M. White. 1986. “The Anthropology of Emotions.” Annual Review of Anthropology 15: 405–436. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.15.100186.002201.
- Madianou, Mirca, and Daniel Miller. 2013. “Polymedia: Towards a New Theory of Digital Media in Interpersonal Communication.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 16 (2): 169–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877912452486.
- Mai, Nicola, and Russell King. 2009. “Love, Sexuality and Migration: Mapping the Issue(s).” Mobilities 4 (3): 295–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450100903195318.
- Maskens, Maïté. 2013. “L’Amour et ses frontières: Régulations étatiques et migrations de mariage (Belgique, France, Suisse et Italie).” Migrations Société 15 (150): 61–78. https://doi.org/10.3917/migra.150.0041.
- Maskens, Maïté. 2015. “Bordering Intimacy: The Fight against Marriages of Convenience in Brussels.” The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology 33 (2): 42–58. https://doi.org/10.3167/ca.2015.330205.
- Merali, Noorfarah. 2009. “Experiences of South Asian Brides Entering Canada after Recent Changes to Family Sponsorship Policies.” Violence Against Women 15 (3): 321–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208330435.
- Merali, Noorfarah. 2010. “Marriage-based Migration and Human Rights Education: Where Does Canada Stand?” Cultural and Pedagogical Inquiry 2 (1). https://doi.org/10.18733/C3QP40.
- Moret, Joelle, Apostolos Andrikopoulos, and Janine Dahinden. 2019. “Contesting Categories: Cross-border Marriages from the Perspectives of the State, Spouses and Researchers.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1625124.
- Muller Myrdahl, Eileen. 2010. “Legislating Love: Norwegian Family Reunification Law as a Racial Project.” Social & Cultural Geography 11 (2): 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360903514368.
- Murray, David A. 2014a. “Real Queer: ‘Authentic’ LGBT Refugee Claimants and Homonationalism in the Canadian Refugee System.” Anthropologica 56 (1): 21–32. https://www.jstor.org/stable/i24468538.
- Murray, David A. 2014b. “To Feel the Truth: Discourse and Emotion in Canadian Sexual Orientation Refugee Hearings.” Journal of Language and Sexuality 3 (1): 6–27. https://doi.org/10.1075/jls.3.1.02mur.
- Murray, David A. 2016. “Queer Forms: Producing Documentation in Sexual Orientation Refugee Cases.” Anthropological Quarterly 89 (2): 465-484. www.jstor.org/stable/43955539.
- Odasso, Laura. This issue.
- Padilla, Mark. 2007. “‘Western Union Daddies’ and Their Quest for Authenticity: An Ethnographic Study of the Dominican Gay Sex Tourism Industry.” Journal of Homosexuality 53 (1–2): 241–275. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v53n01_11.
- Palriwala, Rajni, and Patricia Uberoi. 2008. “Exploring the Links: Gender Issues in Marriage and Migration.” In Marriage, Migration and Gender, edited by Rajni Palriwala and Patricia Uberoi, 23–60. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, and Singapore: Sage Publications.
- Patico, Jennifer. 2009. “For Love, Money, or Normalcy: Meanings of Strategy and Sentiment in the Russian-American Matchmaking Industry.” Ethnos 74 (3): 307–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141840903053097.
- Phillips, Joan. 2002. “The Beach Boy of Barbados: The Post-colonial Entrepreneur.” In Transnational Prostitution: Changing Patterns in a Global Context, edited by Susanne Thorbek and Bandana Pattanaik, 42–56. London: Zed Books Ltd.
- Pigg, Stacy Leigh, Susan L. Erikson, and Kathleen Inglis. 2018. “Introduction: Document/ation: Power, Interests, Accountabilities.” Anthropologica 60 (1): 167–177. https://doi.org/10.3138/anth.60.1.t16.
- Pratt, Anna, and Sara K. Thompson. 2008. “Chivalry, ‘Race’ and Discretion at the Canadian Border.” The British Journal of Criminology 48 (5): 620–640. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azn048.
- Rea, Andrea, and Maryse Tripier. 2010. Sociologie de l’immigration. Paris: La Découverte.
- Salcedo Robledo, Manuela. 2013. “Couples binationaux de même sexe: Politique de soupçon, normalisation et rapports de pouvoir.” Migrations Société 25 (150): 95–108. https://doi.org/10.3917/migra.150.0095.
- Satzewich, Vic. 2014. “Canadian Visa Officers and the Social Construction of ‘Real’ Spousal Relationships.” Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 51 (1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12031.
- Satzewich, Vic. 2015a. “Is Immigrant Selection in Canada Racialized? Visa Officer Discretion and Approval Rates for Spousal and Federal Skilled Worker Applications.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 16 (4): 1023–1040. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-014-0390-0.
- Satzewich, Vic. 2015b. Points of Entry: How Canada’s Immigration Officers Decide Who Gets In. Vancouver: UBC Press.
- Sharma, Nandita. 2006. “White Nationalism, Illegality and Imperialism: Border Controls as Ideology.” In (En) Gendering the War on Terror: War Stories and Camouflaged Politics, edited by Krista Hunt and Kim Rygiel, 121–143. Aldershot: Ashgate.
- Stoler, Ann Laura. 2002. Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Staver, Anne. 2010. “Family Reunification Policies and Diverse Family Life: A Fraught Relationship.” Paper presented at the Canadian Political Science Association Annual Conference, 1–18. Montreal: Concordia University. https://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2010/Staver.pdf (accessed 10 August 2019).
- Svašek, Maruška. 2008. “Who Cares? Families and Feelings in Movement.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 29 (3): 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860802169170.
- Svašek, Maruška. 2010. “On the Move: Emotions and Human Mobility.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36 (6): 865-880. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691831003643322.
- Turnbull, Sarah. 2016. “‘Stuck in the Middle’: Waiting and Uncertainty in Immigration Detention.” Time & Society 25 (1): 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X15604518.
- Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, vol. 1. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Wray, Helena. 2012. “Any Time, Any Place, Anywhere: Entry Clearance, Marriage, Migration and the Border.” In Transnational Marriage: New Perspectives from Europe and Beyond, edited by Katharine Charsley, 41–59. New York and London: Routledge.
- Yuval-Davis, Nira, 1997. Gender and Nation. London, Thousand Oaks, and New Delhi: SAGE Publications.