Abstracts
Résumé
À l’échelle mondiale, certaines pratiques agricoles ont simplifié les écosystèmes en réduisant la biodiversité de façon irréversible. Or, la perte de biodiversité constitue une menace pour tous les êtres humains, et plus particulièrement pour les populations qui dépendent étroitement de ressources naturelles variées. Par conséquent, le besoin de concilier production agricole et maintien de la biodiversité est criant, comme en témoigne le débat scientifique opposant le land sparing au land sharing. Chacune de ces approches propose une perspective ; la première propose d’intensifier l’agriculture et de créer des aires de conservation séparées, la deuxième cherche à mieux imbriquer les fonctions de la biodiversité dans les systèmes agricoles. Bien que ces approches soient importantes dans le développement de connaissances scientifiques, l’incidence de ce débat pour la formulation de politiques publiques peut être lourde de conséquences. À titre d’illustration, l’approche du land sparing peut encourager des mesures favorables aux acteurs de l’intensification agricole et défavorables aux petits exploitants en systèmes extensifs disposant de ressources limitées. Ainsi, la dualité sur laquelle le débat du land sparing contre le land sharing repose tend à limiter l’attention accordée aux divers contextes socioéconomiques et écologiques étudiés. Nous proposons, par considération éthique à l’égard des populations plus vulnérables et moins représentées dans ce type de recherche, de dépasser le débat en lui-même afin d’éviter d’imposer une approche plutôt que l’autre. Il semble préférable de considérer au premier chef les caractéristiques propres à chaque contexte agricole, ainsi que les relations qui se tissent entre agriculteurs et biodiversité.
Mots-clés :
- land sparing,
- land sharing,
- biodiversité,
- recherche scientifique,
- vulnérabilité,
- complexité,
- agriculture,
- contexte socioéconomique,
- conservation,
- utilisation du territoire
Abstract
Biodiversity loss is a threat to human survival and more explicitly to populations that are closely dependent of various natural resources. Particular agricultural practices have irreversibly simplified ecosystems, affecting global biodiversity. Likewise, the compelling necessity to conciliate biodiversity and agriculture has led to the production of valuable scientific knowledge, such as the land sparing versus land sharing debate. The land sparing approach promotes the intensification of agriculture and the creation of biodiversity conservation areas, while the land sharing approach tends to value functional biodiversity into agricultural systems. The impact of this debate in the elaboration of policies needs to be considered with caution. For example, land sparing can lead to measures that either enable actors that practice substantial intensive agriculture or disadvantage smaller farmers with limited resources. The duality on which the land sparing vs. land sharing debate is articulated tends to limit the attention given to more nuanced arguments. Out of ethical consideration for the less affluent and represented populations in this specific research display, we suggest to overcome the state of debate in order to avoid imposing one approach over the other. For future research prospects, it seems to be preferable to study socio-economical contexts in which agriculture is practiced, as well as the specific relationships between farmers and biodiversity.
Keywords:
- land sparing,
- land sharing,
- biodiversity,
- scientific research,
- vulnerability,
- complexity,
- agriculture,
- socio-economical context,
- conservation,
- land use
Appendices
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