Abstracts
Résumé
La caractérisation du climat urbain dans les villes chaudes et arides est essentielle pour comprendre les interactions des variables climatiques avec le bâti et la végétation. Les chaleurs estivales caniculaires constituent une contrainte extrême pour les citadins, en particulier la population à risque comme les jeunes enfants et les personnes âgées ou malades. La végétation contribue à améliorer le microclimat urbain de ces régions et est considérée comme un moyen de lutte contre les ICU (Ilots de Chaleur Urbains). Cette étude a pour objectif l’analyse des variations microclimatiques intra-urbaines et l’impact de la végétation dans la ville de Ghardaïa à travers une campagne de mesure in situ. Le comportement thermique des sites de mesures oscille entre ICU et IFU (Ilot de Fraicheur Urbain). L’étude a montré l’existence d’un « archipel » de chaleur à travers la ville. L’intensité maximale de l’ICU de chaleur est de 2.98°C. La température minimale nocturne est supérieure à 30°C, bien au-delà de la limite du confort thermique. Quant aux différences intra-urbaines, on note que la végétation produit un IFU maximal de 5.61°C. L’effet modérateur de la végétation durant le jour est dû principalement à l’ombre fournie par la canopée des arbres. Les sites végétalisés ne manifestent pas de différence significative d’humidité par rapport aux autres sites urbains. Il s’avère qu’un couvert végétal urbain plus dense et irrigué améliorerait davantage les conditions de confort en ville.
Mots-clés :
- ilot de chaleur urbain (ICU),
- ilot de fraicheur urbain (IFU),
- climat aride,
- végétation,
- confort thermique,
- Ghardaïa
Abstract
Characterizing urban climate in hot arid cities is a key step to understand the interactions of climatic variables with the built-up and the vegetation. Extreme heat waves in summer are a strong stress especially for heat-vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly and the sick. Urban Heat Island (UHI) in hot arid regions shows some specific features compared to other regions. Vegetation is known to play a role in alleviating urban heat island especially in hot arid climates. This study aims to analyse intra-urban microclimatic variations and the impact of vegetation in the arid city of Ghardaïa via in-situ measurements. The thermal behavior of measurement sites varies between urban heat island and cool island. It was detected an "archipelago" of heat throughout the city. The maximum intensity of UHI is 2.98 ° C. As for the intra-urban differences, the vegetation produces a maximum PCI of 5.61 ° C. The minimum night-time temperature is above 30 ° C, well above the thermal comfort limit. The moderating effect of vegetation is mainly due to the shade provided by tree canopy. Vegetated sites do not show a significant difference in humidity compared to other built-up sites. It seems that a denser urban vegetation cover would further improve comfort conditions in the city.
Keywords:
- urban heat island (UHI),
- parc cool island (PCI),
- arid climate,
- vegetation,
- thermal comfort,
- Ghardaïa
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Appendices
Remerciements
Nous adressons nos remerciements aux services de la ville de Ghardaïa pour l’autorisation donnée pour la campagne de mesure.
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