Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article analyse les nouveaux modèles de conservation de la biodiversité en Tanzanie en tant que « dispositifs » qui s’accompagnent d’un arsenal rhétorique légitimant la suppression de villages ou de surfaces significatives de terres villageoises. En prenant comme point de départ la constante de l’imaginaire exotico-colonial dans les représentations occidentales de la nature en Tanzanie, l’article pose la question de la légitimité des occupations dites « illégales » des forêts à la suite de ce que l’on pourrait qualifier d’injustices environnementales. Les modèles de conservation affichant une marque « participative et inclusive » relèvent davantage de la criminalisation des pratiques et usages antérieurs aux dispositifs et favorisent la multiplication de gardes et de police, plus qu’ils ne proposent une sensibilisation particulière dans une vision plus large de l’écologie politique. Alors que les modèles dits participatifs ont comme objectif affiché d’aller au-delà de la « conservation forteresse », ils accentuent les conflits fonciers dans les interstices des aires de conservation. Malgré les flux financiers internationaux qui drainent les projets de développement et de conservation environnementale, les résistances engagées de la part des occupants devenus « illégaux » contrastent avec la rationalité technique et dépolitisée des cartographies et frontières imposées.
Mots-clés :
- Fortress Conservation,
- Wildlife Management Areas,
- Gestion « participative » de la biodiversité,
- imaginaire exotico-colonial,
- Tanzanie,
- vallée du Kilombero
Abstract
This article analyses the new models of biodiversity conservation in Tanzania as an "apparatus" that is accompanied by a rhetorical arsenal legitimizing the removal of villages or significant parts of village land. Taking as a starting point the constancy of the exotico-colonial imagination in Western representations of biodiversity in Tanzania, the article raises the question of the legitimacy of so-called "illegal" forest occupations as a result of what could be described as environmental injustices. Conservation models with a "participatory and inclusive" label are more related to the criminalization of practices and uses prior to the devices and promote the multiplication of guards and police, rather than proposing a particular awareness within a broader vision of political ecology. While the stated objective of so-called participatory models is to go beyond "fortress conservation", they accentuate land conflicts in the interstices of conservation areas. Despite the international financial flows that irrigate the development and environmental conservation projects, the resistance engaged by the occupants, who have become "illegal" contrasts with the technical and depoliticized rationality of the imposed maps and borders.
Keywords:
- Fortress Conservation,
- Wildlife Management Areas,
- Community-based natural resources management,
- exotico-colonial imaginary,
- Tanzania,
- Kilombero Valley
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Appendices
Remerciements
Cet article est le fruit d’un travail doctoral financé par l’Université de Toulouse, et dont les différents terrains de recherche ont pu être effectués notamment grâce aux fonds du programme européen Rurban Africa FP7, aux aides à la mobilité internationale des doctorants du LISST et de la Commission Recherche de l’Université de Toulouse Jean Jaurès, ainsi que de deux bourses de terrain de l’Institut de Recherche en Afrique (IFRA). Nous pouvons remercier ici les autorités tanzaniennes pour l’obtention de permis de recherche ainsi que les représentants du Land Planning Department du district d’Ulanga qui nous ont fourni toutes les données cartographiques. Nous remercions bien entendu le Père Abdon de la mission catholique d’Igota pour son accueil, ainsi que toutes et tous les villageoises et villageois rencontrés lors des différents terrains.
Note biographique
Adriana Blache est doctorante en géographie au laboratoire Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarité Société Territoires (LISST-Dynamiques rurales) de l’Université de Toulouse. Son doctorat porte sur la production de l’espace et les rapports de pouvoir depuis la période coloniale en Tanzanie.
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