Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article se penche sur le cas de l’éducation sexuelle auprès des jeunes au Malawi pour illustrer la manière dont différents discours mondialisés sont repris et adoptés dans des circonstances sociales, culturelles et politiques spécifiques. Tandis que le conservatisme chrétien issu du mouvement évangéliste américain est largement adopté par les intervenants malawites, les « meilleures pratiques » de la santé publique, ancrées dans les preuves scientifiques et dans le respect des droits humains, semblent n’être mises en oeuvre que partiellement. L’éducation sexuelle malawite est donc largement paralysée par l’impossibilité de mettre en oeuvre des programmes dont l’efficacité a été démontrée, au profit d’une promotion de l’abstinence qui épargne les sensibilités mais n’aide en rien les jeunes à diminuer les risques liés à la sexualité.
Mots-clés :
- Malawi,
- éducation sexuelle,
- santé publique
Abstract
This article examines the case of sex education among young people in Malawi to illustrate how different discourses are taken up and adopted globalized in the social, cultural and political contexts. While the conservative Christian movement from the American evangelist is widely adopted by stakeholders in Malawi, “best practices” of public health, grounded in scientific evidence and respect for human rights, seem to be only partially implemented. Sex education in Malawi is largely paralyzed by the inability to implement programs whose effectiveness has been demonstrated in favor of an abstinence sparing the sensitivities but does not help young people reduce the risks associated with sexuality.
Keywords:
- Malawi,
- sex education,
- public health
Resumen
Este artículo se centra en el caso de la educación sexual de jóvenes malauíes con el fin de ilustrar la manera como diferentes discursos mundializados son tomados y adoptados en circunstancias sociales, culturales y políticas específicas. Mientras que el conservatismo cristiano proveniente del movimiento evangelista americano es ampliamente adoptado por los actores malauíes, las “mejores prácticas” de la salud pública, arraigadas a pruebas científicas y al respeto de los derechos humanos, parecen ser implementadas tan sólo parcialmente. La educación sexual malauí es entonces ampliamente paralizada por la imposibilidad de implementar programas cuya eficacia haya sido demostrada, a favor de la promoción de la abstinencia, que evita las sensibilidades pero que no ayuda en absoluto a los jóvenes a disminuir los riesgos relacionados con la sexualidad.
Palabras clave:
- Malauí,
- educación sexual,
- salud pública
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Aggleton, P. et C. Campbell (2000), « Working with Young People-Towards an Agenda for Sexual Health », Sexual and Relationship Therapy, vol. 15, no 3, p. 283-296.
- Allen, P. L. (2002), The Wages of Sin : Sex and Disease, Past and Present, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
- Arsneault, S. (2001), « Values and Virtue », The American Review of Public Administration, vol. 31, no 4, p. 436-454.
- Backman, G. et P. Hunt et al. (2008), « Health Systems and The Right to Health : an Assessment of 194 countries », The Lancet, vol. 372, no 9655, p. 2047-2085.
- Biesma, R. G. et R. Brugha et al. (2009), « The Effects of Global Health Initiatives on Country Health Systems : a Review of the Evidence from HIV/AIDS Control », Health Policy and Planning, vol. 24, no 4, p. 239-252.
- Carrigan, T., B. Connell et J. Lee (1985), « Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity », Theory and Society, vol. 14, no 5, p. 551-604.
- CDE (2003), Observation générale no 3. Le VIH/sida et les droits de l’enfant, New York, Comité sur les droits de l’enfant.
- CDESC (2000), Observation générale no 14. Le droit au meilleur état de santé susceptible d’être atteint (art. 12 du Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels) E/C.12/2000/4, Genève, Conseil économique et social, Comité sur les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels.
- Chazan, M., M. Brklacich et A. Whiteside (2009), « Rethinking the Conceptual Terrain of AIDS Scholarship : Lessons from Comparing 27 years of AIDS and Climate Change Research », Globalization and Health, vol. 5, no 1, p. 5-12.
- Cornwall, A. (2007), « Buzzwords and Fuzzwords : Deconstructing Development Discourse », Development in Practice, vol. 17, no 4, p. 471.
- Cornwall, A. et M. Molyneux (2006), « The Politics of Rights. Dilemmas for Feminist Praxis : an Introduction », Third World Quarterly, vol. 27, no 7, p. 1175-1191.
- Cornwall, A. et C. Nyamu-Musembi (2004), « Putting the « Rights-Based Approach » to Development into Perspective », Third World Quarterly, vol. 25, no 8, p. 1415-1437.
- Cornwall, A. et A. Welbourn (2002), Realizing Rights : Transforming Approaches to Sexual and Reproductive Wellbeing, Londres, Zed Books.
- DAC de l’OCDE (2005), « Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness », www.worldbank.org/harmonization/Paris/FINALPARISDECLARATION.pdf
- Daneel, M. L. (2004), « African Initiated Churches in Southern Africa : Protest Movements or Mission Churches ? », in D. M. Lewis (dir.), Christianity Reborn. The Global Expansion of Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century, Grand Rapids, MI, Eerdmans Publishing, p. 181-218.
- Detels, R. et L. Breslow (2002), « Current Scope and Concerns in Public Health », in W. W. Holland, R. Detels et G. Knox (Dir.), Oxford Textbook of Public Health, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
- Englund, H. (2004), Transnational Governance and the Pacification of Youth : The Contribution of Civic Education to Disempowerment in Malawi, Durban, Afrique du Sud, Centre for Civil Society, University of KwaZulu-Natal.
- Evangelical Association of Malawi (2008), Survey on HIV Infection and AIDS Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices in the Church in Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi, Evangelical Association of Malawi.
- Farmer, P. (2004), Pathologies of Power : Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press.
- Foucault, M. (1976), Histoire de la sexualité I : La volonté de savoir, Paris, Gallimard.
- Freston, P. (2001), Evangelicals and Politics in Asia, Africa and Latin America, Cambridge (RU), Cambridge University Press.
- Gifford, P. (2004), « Persistence and Change in Contemporary African Religion », Social Compass, vol. 51, no 2, p. 169-176.
- Gruskin, S. (2006), « Rights-Based Approaches to Health : Something for Everyone », Health and Human Rights, vol. 9, no 2, p. 5-9.
- Gruskin, S., E. J. Mills et D. Tarantola (2007), « History, Principles, and Practice of Health and Human Rights », The Lancet, vol. 370, no 9585, p. 449-455.
- Irvine, J. M. (2002), Talk about Sex. The Battles over Sex Education in the United States, Berkeley (CA), University of California Press.
- Izugbara, C. O. et C.-C. Undie (2008), « Masculinity Scripts and the Sexual Vulnerability of Male Youth in Malawi », International Journal of Sexual Health, vol. 20, no 4, p. 281-294.
- Jenkins, P. (2006), The New Faces of Christianity : Believing the Bible in the Global South, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
- Jones, N. et A. Datta (2011), Linkages between Researchers and Legislators in Developing Countries. ODI Working Papers 332, Londres, Overseas Development Insitute.
- Kaler, A. (2003), « My Girlfriends Could Fill a Yanu-Yanu Bus” : Rural Malawian Men’s Claims about Their Own Serostatus », Demographic Research, vol. Special Collection 1, p. S1-S11.
- Kates, J., A. Wexler, E. Lief et V. Seegobin (2010), « Donor Funding for Health in Low- & Middle-Income Countries 2001-2008 », US Global Health Policy, Menlo Park (CA), Kaiser Family Foundation.
- Kelly, K. et K. Birdsall (2010), « The Effects of National and International HIV/AIDS Funding and Governance Mechanisms on the Development of Civil-Society Responses to HIV/AIDS in East and Southern Africa », AIDS Care, vol. 22, no Supplement 2, p. 1580-1587.
- Kipling, R. (1929 [1899]), « The White Man’s Burden : The United States and the Philippines, 1899 », Rudyard Kipling’s Verse : Definitive Edition, Garden City, NY, Doubleday.
- Kirby, D. (2006), « Comprehensive Sex Education : Strong Public Support and Persuasive Evidence of Impact, but Little Funding », Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, vol. 160, no 11, p. 1182-1184.
- Kirby, D. (2008), « Changes in Sexual Behaviour Leading to the Decline in the Prevalence of HIV in Uganda : confirmation from multiple sources of evidence », British Medical Journal, vol. 84, no suppl 2.
- Kirby, D. et B. A. Laris (2009), « Effective Curriculum-Based Sex and STD/HIV Education Programs for Adolescents », Child Development Perspectives, vol. 3, no 1, p. 21-29.
- Kirby, D. B., B. A. Laris et L. A. Rolleri (2007), « Sex and HIV Education Programs : Their Impact on Sexual Behaviors of Young People Throughout the World », Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 40, no 3, p. 206-217.
- London, L. (2008), « What is a Human-Rights Based Approach to Health and Does it Matter ? », Health and Human Rights, vol. 10, no 1, p. 65-80.
- Malawi Ministry of Health (2007), Malawi National Health Accounts (NHA) 2002-2004 with Subaccounts for HIV and AIDS, Lilongwe, Malawi, Department of Health Planning and Policy.
- Mann, J. M. et L. Gostin et al. (1994), « Health and Human Rights », Health and Human Rights, vol. 1, no 1, p. 6-23.
- Marks, S. (1997), « What is Colonial about Colonial Medicine ? And What has Happened to Imperialism and Health ? », Social History of Medicine, vol. 10, no 2, p. 205.
- Moran, J. P. (2000), Teaching Sex : The Shaping of Adolescence in the 20th Century, Cambridge (MA), Harvard University Press.
- National AIDS Commission (2003), National HIV/AIDS Policy. A Call for Renewed Action, Lilongwe, Malawi, Government of Malawi.
- National Statistical Office of Malawi (2005), Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), Zomba, Malawi, Government of Malawi.
- Office of the Global Aids Coordinator (2005), ABC Guidance #1 for United States Government In-Country Staff and Implementing Partners Applying the ABC Approach to Preventing Sexually-Transmitted HIV Infections Within the PEPFAR, Washington, DC, Office of the Global AIDS Coordinatore (OGAC).
- OHCHR (1990), Convention on the Rights of the Child : General Assembly Resolution 44/25, Genève, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.
- ONU (1966), Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels, New York, ONU.
- Parker, R. G., G. Herdt et M. Carballo (1991), « Sexual Culture, HIV Transmission, and AIDS Research », The Journal of Sex Research, vol. 28, no 1, p. 77-98.
- Petchesky, R. (2000), « Human Rights, Reproductive Health and Economic Justice : Why They are Indivisible », Reproductive Health Matters, vol. 8, no 15, p. 12-17.
- Piot, P., M. Kazatchkine, M. Dybul et J. Lob-Levyt (2009), « AIDS : Lessons Learnt and Myths Dispelled », The Lancet, vol. 374, no 9685, p. 260-263.
- Pisani, E. (2008), The Wisdom of Whores. Bureaucrats, Brothels and the Business of AIDS, Londres, Granta.
- Ranger, T. O. (2008), « Introduction : Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Africa », Evangelical Chrisitanity and Democracy in Africa, Oxford (RU), Oxford University Press, p. 3-35.
- Real Reason (2008), Situation Assessment Brief : Sexuality Education, Oakland (CA), Real Reason.
- Robbins, J. (2004), « The Globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity », Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 33, p. 117-143.
- Robinson, B. E., W. O. Bockting, S. B. R. Rosser, M. Miner et E. Coleman (2002), « The Sexual Health Model : Application of a Sexological Approach to HIV Prevention », Health Education Research, vol. 17, no 1, p. 43-57.
- Rosenbaum, J. E. (2009), « Patient Teenagers ? A Comparison of the Sexual Behavior of Virginity Pledgers and Matched Nonpledgers », Pediatrics, vol. 123, no 1, p. e110-e120.
- Rychetnik, L., P. Hawe, E. Waters, A. Barratt et M. Frommer (2004), « A Glossary for Evidence Based Public Health », Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 58, no 7, p. 538-545.
- Santelli, J., M. A. Ott et al. (2006), « Abstinence and Abstinence-Only Education : A Review of U.S. Policies and Programs », Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 38, no 1, p. 72-81.
- Tawfik, L. et S. C. Watkins (2007), « Sex in Geneva, Sex in Lilongwe, and Sex in Balaka », Social Science & Medicine, vol. 64, no 5, p. 1090-1101.
- UNAIDS Global Reference Group on HIV/AIDS Human Rights (2004), « Issue Paper : What Constitutes a Rights-Based Approach ? Definitions, Methods, and Practices », http://data.unaids.org/Topics/Human-Rights/hrissuepaper_rbadefinitions_en.pdf, page consultée le 30 juin 2009.
- UNDG (2003), The Human Rights Based Approach to Development Cooperation Towards a Common Understanding among UN, http://www.undg.org/archive_docs/6959-The_Human_Rights_Based_Approach_to_Development_Cooperation_Towards_a_Common_Understanding_among_UN.pdf.
- United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS (2003), Tuberculosis and Malaria Act of 2003, P.L. 108-25 CFR.
- Waxman, H. A. (2004), « The Content Of Federally Funded Abstinence-Only Education Programs », Washington, DC, United States House of Representatives — Committee on Government Reform — Minority Staff Special Investigation Division.
- Winslow, C.-E. A. (1920), « The Untilled Fields of Public Health », Science, vol. 51, no 1306, p. 23-33.
- World Bank (2009), « Malawi Country Brief », http://go.worldbank.org/PH14P64710, page consultée le 30 juin 2008.
- World Health Organization (2008), Closing the gap in a generation : Health equity through action on the social determinants of health, Genève, World Health Organization.