Abstracts
Abstract
Late-onset auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, particularly when antipsychotic treatment is limited by poor tolerability.
We report a case of a 75-year-old woman with de novo AVH temporally related to hemp oil use, in the general context of longstanding hearing impairment. Symptoms persisted and progressively worsened over 12 months despite discontinuation and antipsychotic treatment, resulting in marked distress and functional impairment. Adjunctive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting the left temporoparietal cortex was administered in 2 separate treatment courses. Each course was associated with a marked reduction in AVH severity and enabled substantial tapering of antipsychotic medication. In both instances, symptom relapse occurred within 2-3 months after rTMS discontinuation. This case highlights the multifactorial nature of late-onset AVH and suggests that rTMS may serve as a time-limited, adjunctive intervention in selected older patients when pharmacological strategies are constrained, with potential implications for maintenance-based approaches.
Keywords:
- older adult,
- late-onset psychosis,
- auditory hallucinations,
- repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
Résumé
Les hallucinations auditives verbales (HAV) tardives posent des défis diagnostiques et thérapeutiques, en particulier lorsque le traitement antipsychotique est limité par une mauvaise tolérance. Nous rapportons le cas d’une femme de 75 ans présentant des HAV de novo liées à la consommation d’huile de chanvre, dans un contexte général de déficience auditive de longue date. Les symptômes ont persisté et se sont progressivement aggravés pendant 12 mois malgré l’arrêt de l’huile de chanvre et la prise d’antipsychotiques, entraînant une détresse marquée et un déclin fonctionnel. La stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétitive (SMTr) adjuvante ciblant le cortex temporo-pariétal gauche a été administrée en 2 cycles de traitement distincts. Chaque cycle a été associé à une réduction marquée de la gravité des AVH et a permis une diminution substantielle de la posologie des antipsychotiques. À la suite des 2 cycles, une rechute des symptômes est survenue dans les 2 à 3 mois suivant l’arrêt de la SMTr. Ce cas met en évidence la nature multifactorielle des hallucinations auditives tardives et suggère que la SMTr peut servir d’intervention adjuvante à durée limitée chez certains patients âgés lorsque les stratégies pharmacologiques sont limitées, avec des implications potentielles pour les approches basées sur le maintien.
Mots-clés :
- personne âgée,
- psychose tardive,
- hallucinations auditives,
- stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétitive
Appendices
Bibliography
- American Psychiatric Association (Ed.). (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5-TR (fifth edition, text revision). American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
- Anthony, D. (2004). The cognitive neuropsychiatry of auditory verbal hallucinations: An overview. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 9(1‑2), 107‑123. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546800344000183
- Badcock, J. C., Dehon, H. et Larøi, F. (2017). Hallucinations in healthy older adults: An overview of the literature and perspectives for future research. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1134. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01134
- Baldaçara, L., Ramos, A. et Castaldelli-Maia, J. M. (2023). Managing drug-induced psychosis. International Review of Psychiatry, 35(5‑6), 496‑502. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2023.2261544
- Bodén, R., Nilsson, J., Walles, I., Larsson, E., Kristiansen, I., Fällmar, D. et Persson, J. (2021). Suppressing visual hallucinations in an adolescent by occipital transcranial magnetic stimulation: A single-case experimental research design. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 33(2), 346‑355. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2021.2017303
- Citti, C., Pacchetti, B., Vandelli, M. A., Forni, F. et Cannazza, G. (2018). Analysis of cannabinoids in commercial hemp seed oil and decarboxylation kinetics studies of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 149, 532-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.044
- Devanand, D. P., Lee, S., Huey, E. D. et Goldberg, T. E. (2022). Associations between neuropsychiatric symptoms and neuropathological diagnoses of alzheimer disease and related dementias. JAMA Psychiatry, 79(4), 359. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.4363
- Drake, R., Haddock, G., Tarrier, N., Bentall, R. et Lewis, S. (2007). The psychotic symptom rating scales (PSYRATS): Their usefulness and properties in first episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 89(1‑3), 119‑122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.04.024
- Fiorentini, A., Cantù, F., Crisanti, C., Cereda, G., Oldani, L. et Brambilla, P. (2021). Substance-induced psychoses: An updated literature review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.694863
- Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E. et McHugh, P. R. (1975). «Mini-mental state». A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
- Guttesen, L. L., Albert, N., Nordentoft, M. et Hjorthøj, C. (2021). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation for auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 143, 163-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.001
- Hindley, G., Beck, K., Borgan, F., Ginestet, C. E., McCutcheon, R., Kleinloog, D., Ganesh, S., Radhakrishnan, R., D’Souza, D. C. et Howes, O. D. (2020). Psychiatric symptoms caused by cannabis constituents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 344-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30074-2
- Hoffman, R. E., Boutros, N. N., Hu, S., Berman, R. M., Krystal, J. H. et Charney, D. S. (2000). Transcranial magnetic stimulation and auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. The Lancet, 355(9209), 1073-1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02043-2
- Hoffman, R. E., Gueorguieva, R., Hawkins, K. A., Varanko, M., Boutros, N. N., Wu, Y., Carroll, K. et Krystal, J. H. (2005). Temporoparietal transcranial magnetic stimulation for auditory hallucinations: Safety, efficacy and moderators in a fifty patient sample. Biological Psychiatry, 58(2), 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.03.041
- Hoffman, R. E., Wu, K., Pittman, B., Cahill, J. D., Hawkins, K. A., Fernandez, T. et Hannestad, J. (2013). Transcranial magnetic stimulation of wernicke’s and right homologous sites to curtail “Voices”: A randomized trial. Biological Psychiatry, 73(10), 1008-1014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.016
- Jardri, R., Pouchet, A., Pins, D. et Thomas, P. (2011). Cortical activations during auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia: A coordinate-based meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(1), 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09101522
- Johns, L. C., Kompus, K., Connell, M., Humpston, C., Lincoln, T. M., Longden, E., Preti, A., Alderson-Day, B., Badcock, J. C., Cella, M., Fernyhough, C., McCarthy-Jones, S., Peters, E., Raballo, A., Scott, J., Siddi, S., Sommer, I. E. et Larøi, F. (2014). Auditory verbal hallucinations in persons with and without a need for care. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(Suppl_4), S255‑S264. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu005
- Khalid, J. et Aparasu, R. R. (2024). Adverse effects associated with antipsychotic use in older adults. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 23(9), 1157-1171. https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2024.2386377
- Kim, J. S., Hong, S.-B., Park, K.-W. et Lee, A. T. C. (2024). Psychotic symptoms in patients with major neurological diseases. Journal of Clinical Neurology, 20(2), 153. https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2023.0501
- Lenz, M., Galanis, C., Müller-Dahlhaus, F., Opitz, A., Wierenga, C. J., Szabó, G., Ziemann, U., Deller, T., Funke, K. et Vlachos, A. (2016). Repetitive magnetic stimulation induces plasticity of inhibitory synapses. Nature Communications, 7, 10020. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10020
- Linszen, M. M. J., van Zanten, G. A., Teunisse, R. J., Brouwer, R. M., Scheltens, P. et Sommer, I. E. (2018). Auditory hallucinations in adults with hearing impairment: A large prevalence study. Psychological Medicine, 49(1), 132-139. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718000594
- Marras, A. et Pallanti, S. (2013). Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of pharmacoresistant nondelusional auditory verbal hallucinations in dementia. Case Reports in Psychiatry, 2013(1), 930304. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/930304
- Marschall, T. M., Brederoo, S. G., Ćurčić-Blake, B. et Sommer, I. E. C. (2020). Deafferentation as a cause of hallucinations. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 33(3), 206-211. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000586
- Marschall, T. M., Ćurčić-Blake, B., Brederoo, S. G., Renken, R. J., Linszen, M. M. J., Koops, S. et Sommer, I. E. C. (2021). Spontaneous brain activity underlying auditory hallucinations in the hearing-impaired. Cortex, 136, 1‑13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.12.005
- Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L. et Chertkow, H. (2005). The montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695-699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
- Plewnia, C., Reimold, M., Najib, A., Brehm, B., Reischl, G., Plontke, S. K. et Gerloff, C. (2007). Dose‐dependent attenuation of auditory phantom perception (tinnitus) by PET‐guided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Human Brain Mapping, 28(3), 238‑246. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20270
- Salehi, A., Puchalski, K., Shokoohinia, Y., Zolfaghari, B. et Asgary, S. (2022). Differentiating cannabis products: Drugs, food, and supplements. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 906038. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.906038
- Schutte, M. J. L., Linszen, M. M. J., Marschall, T. M., Ffytche, D. H., Koops, S., van Dellen, E., Heringa, S. M., Slooter, A. J. C., Teunisse, R., van den Heuvel, O. A., Lemstra, A. W., Foncke, E. M. J., Slotema, C. W., de Jong, J., Rossell, S. L. et Sommer, I. E. C. (2020). Hallucinations and other psychotic experiences across diagnoses: A comparison of phenomenological features. Psychiatry Research, 292, 113314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113314
- Slotema, C. W., Aleman, A., Daskalakis, Z. J. et Sommer, I. E. (2012). Meta-analysis of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of auditory verbal hallucinations: Update and effects after one month. Schizophrenia Research, 142(1‑3), 40‑45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.08.025
- Slotema, C. W., Blom, J. D., de Weijer, A. D., Diederen, K. M., Goekoop, R., Looijestijn, J., Daalman, K., Rijkaart, A.-M., Kahn, R. S., Hoek, H. W. et Sommer, I. E. C. (2011). Can low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation really relieve medication-resistant auditory verbal hallucinations? Negative results from a large randomized controlled trial. Biological Psychiatry, 69(5), 450-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.051
- Slotema, C. W., Blom, J. D., Hoek, H. W. et Sommer, I. E. C. (2010). Should we expand the toolbox of psychiatric treatment methods to include repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)?: A meta-analysis of the efficacy of rTMS in psychiatric disorders. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(07), 873-884. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08m04872gre
- Stafford, J., Howard, R., Dalman, C. et Kirkbride, J. B. (2018). The incidence of nonaffective, nonorganic psychotic disorders in older people: A population-based cohort study of 3 million people in sweden. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 45(5), 1152-1160. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby147
- Stahl, S. M. (2018). Beyond the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia to three neural networks of psychosis: Dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate. CNS Spectrums, 23(3), 187-191. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852918001013
- Tampi, R. R., Young, J., Hoq, R., Resnick, K. et Tampi, D. J. (2019). Psychotic disorders in late life: A narrative review. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 9, 2045125319882798. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125319882798
- Tranulis, C., Sepehry, A. A., Galinowski, A. et Stip, E. (2008). Should we treat auditory hallucinations with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation? A metaanalysis. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53(9), 577-586. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370805300904
- Venkatesan, A., Michael, B. D., Probasco, J. C., Geocadin, R. G. et Solomon, T. (2019). Acute encephalitis in immunocompetent adults. The Lancet, 393(10172), 702-716. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32526-1
- Webster, R. et Holroyd, S. (2000). Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in delirium. Psychosomatics, 41(6), 519‑522. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psy.41.6.519
- Ye, S.-Y., Chen, C.-N., Wei, B., Zhan, J.-Q., Li, Y.-H., Zhang, C., Huang, J.-J. et Yang, Y.-J. (2024). The efficacy and safety of continuous theta burst stimulation for auditory hallucinations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, 1446849. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1446849
- Zöllner, R., Hübener, A.-F., Dannlowski, U., Kircher, T., Sommer, J. et Zavorotnyy, M. (2020). Theta-burst stimulation for auditory-verbal hallucination in very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis—A functional magnetic resonance imaging case study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00294

