ror.org/007y6q934
Abstracts
Résumé
Contexte Le chercheur et psychologue Kieron Philip O’Connor (1950-2019) fut un des pionniers de l’approche cognitive et comportementale à l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal (IUSMM). C’est là qu’il démarra une carrière de chercheur clinicien auprès des populations aux prises avec les tics chroniques, le syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette (SGT) ou le trouble obsessionnel-compulsif et apparentés (TOC). À l’époque, à part quelques psychothérapies comportementales, peu d’interventions cognitives étaient disponibles pour traiter les tics chroniques et les troubles obsessionnels-compulsifs. Et surtout, les interventions demeuraient très peu validées sur le plan empirique.
Objectif et questions Notre objectif principal est de présenter les études entourant le modèle cognitif, comportemental et psychophysiologique (CoPs) développé par Kieron O’Connor au cours de sa carrière ainsi que les retombées importantes qui ont marqué le domaine. Ses recherches partent de nombreuses questions qui ne pouvaient être abordées que par une approche multidisciplinaire basée sur les données probantes de la recherche de pointe.
Plan Notre chapitre débute par la présentation du parcours de Kieron O’Connor au Centre de recherche de l’IUSMM. Nous enchaînerons sur le contexte historique entourant le traitement du SGT et du TOC. Nous exposerons ensuite les grands modèles ayant permis l’aboutissement du traitement cognitif comportemental et psychophysiologique pour les tics chroniques ainsi que l’approche centrée sur les inférences pour traiter le TOC. Nous terminerons ensuite sur les multiples thèmes abordés par son équipe au-delà du SGT et du TOC.
Méthode La recherche a été réalisé avec Medline et PsycInfo avec les critères d’inclusion basés sur les articles publiés par Kieron O’Connor rédigés en français ou en anglais tirés d’articles de recherche originaux ou de revues.
Résultats Nous avons recensé 175 articles regroupés en 2 thèmes principaux. Nous pouvons tirer 2 grands constats. Premièrement, les psychothérapies menées selon le modèle CoPs auprès d’adultes ayant le SGT ont montré des améliorations liées à un changement dans les schémas d’activation sensorimotrice qui tendrait à se normaliser après le traitement et permettrait, entre autres, de développer un meilleur contrôle moteur. Deuxièmement, les travaux menés sur le TOC sont centrés sur les inférences inverses. Ce modèle a permis l’élaboration d’une thérapie basée sur les inférences, permettant de travailler sur les doutes erronés, le soi craint et la confusion inférentielle.
Conclusion Les résultats ont retracé les principaux travaux en particulier son oeuvre maîtresse comprenant une thérapie basée sur les inférences pour le TOC et une autre sur la prise en charge cognitive et psychophysiologique pour le SGT. Cela s’imbriquait dans un modèle étayé par une démarche empirique et phénoménologique et s’appliquait à d’autres thèmes apparentés aux obsessions comme les comportements répétitifs centrés sur le corps, les troubles alimentaires, les dysmorphophobies, l’accumulation compulsive, certains délires ainsi que certaines dépendances.
Mots-clés :
- syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette,
- tics,
- trouble obsessionnels-compulsifs et apparentés,
- thérapie cognitivo-comportemental,
- psychophysiologie,
- Kieron O’Connor
Abstract
Background Researcher and psychologist Kieron Philip O’Connor (1950-2019) pioneered the cognitive and behavioural approach at the Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal (IUSMM). It was there that he began a career as a clinical researcher studying Tourette’s syndrome (TS) and obsessive-compulsive and related disorder (OCD). At the time, apart from some behavioural approaches, little cognitive intervention was available to treat chronic tics and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Above all, the interventions remained very poorly validated.
Objective and questions: Our main aim is to present the cognitive, behavioural and psychophysiological model developed during his successful career and the impact of important research that has marked the field. His research is based on many questions that arose at the beginning of its development in the ’90s. Why do many patients not respond to treatments? Why are these patients often misdiagnosed? Are there alternatives to pharmacological treatments? He knew these questions could only be addressed through a multidisciplinary approach combining psychiatry, neurology, clinical psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Thus, he advocated a model incorporating a cognitive, behavioural, and psychophysiological approach based on cutting-edge research evidence.
Outline Our chapter presents Dr. O’Connor’s journey as a researcher and psychologist at the Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal research center. Thus, we expose the historical context surrounding the treatment of TS and OCD. We will then present the main models that have led to the successful cognitive, behavioural and psychophysiological treatment of chronic tics and the inference-based approach to treat OCD. We will then conclude with multiple orientations, approaches and themes addressed by his team.
Method The search was conducted via Medline and PsycInfo with inclusion criteria based on the following criteria: (1) articles published by Kieron O’Connor; (2) written in English or French; (3) original research or journal articles.
Results We identified 175 articles grouped into main themes. There are two main conclusions to be drawn. First, psychotherapies conducted according to the CoPs model with adults with TS have shown improvements related to a change in sensorimotor activation patterns that normalize after treatment and allow, among other things, the development of improved motor control. Second, work on OCD has led to the emergence of a new approach that focuses on obsessions as a product of inverse inference. This model has allowed for the development of inference-based approaches, thus allowing work on erroneous doubts, feared self, and inferential confusion.
Conclusion The results traced the body of work, in particular his masterpiece, including an inference-based approach for OCD and another on cognitive and psychophysiological management of TS. All of this was intertwined into a model supported by an empirical and phenomenological approach that touched on secondary themes such as body-focused repetitive behaviours, body dysmorphic disorder, eating disorders, hoarding, delusions and certain addictions.
Keywords:
- Tourette’s syndrome,
- obsessive-compulsive disorders,
- cognitive behavioural therapy,
- psychophysiology,
- Kieron O’Connor
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Aardema, F., Bouchard, S., Koszycki, D., Lavoie, M. E., Audet, J.-S. et O’Connor, K. (2022). Evaluation of Inference-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder : A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial with Three Treatment Modalities. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 1-12. 10.1159/000524425 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Aardema, F. et O’Connor, K. (2012). Dissolving the tenacity of obsessional doubt : implications for treatment outcome. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 43(2), 855-861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.12.006 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.12.006 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Aardema, F., O’Connor, K. P., Emmelkamp, P. M., Marchand, A. et Todorov, C. (2005). Inferential confusion in obsessive-compulsive disorder : the inferential confusion questionnaire. Behav Res Ther, 43(3), 293-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.003 10.1016/j.brat.2004.02.003 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Aardema, F., O’Connor, K. P., Pélissier, M.-C. et Lavoie, M. E. (2009). The quantification of doubt in obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 2(2), 188-205. 10.1521/ijct.2009.2.2.188 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Aardema, F., Radomsky, A. S., Moulding, R., Wong, S. F., Bourguignon, L. et Giraldo-O’Meara, M. (2021). Development and validation of the multidimensional version of the Fear of Self Questionnaire : Corrupted, culpable and malformed feared possible selves in obsessive-compulsive and body-dysmorphic symptoms. Clin Psychol Psychother. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2565 10.1002/cpp.2565 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Allary, A., Proulx-Tremblay, V., Belanger, C., Hudon, C., Marchand, A., O’Connor, K., Perodeau, G., Roberge, P., Tannenbaum, C., Vasiliadis, H. M., Desrosiers, C., Cruz-Santiago, D. et Grenier, S. (2020). Psychological predictors of benzodiazepine discontinuation among older adults : Results from the PASSE 60. Addict Behav, 102, 106195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106195 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106195 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Anholt, G. E. et Kalanthroff, E. (2014). Do we need a cognitive theory for obsessive-compulsive disorder ? J Eval Clin Pract., 11(6), 194-196. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- APA. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Vol. DSM-5). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Azrin, N. H. et Nunn, R. G. (1973). Habit-reversal : A method of eliminating nervous habits and tics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11(4), 619-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(73)90119-8 10.1016/0005-7967(73)90119-8 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Baraby, L. P., Bourguignon, L. et Aardema, F. (2023). The relevance of dysfunctional reasoning to OCD and its treatment : Further evidence for inferential confusion utilizing a new task-based measure. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 80, 101728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101728 10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101728 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bertrand, A., Belanger, C. et O’Connor, K. (2011). [Eating disorders (ED) and obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) : common factors]. Santé mentale au Québec, 36(1), 149-179. https://doi.org/10.7202/1005819ar (Troubles de l’alimentation et trouble obsessionnel-compulsif : facteurs communs.)
10.7202/1005819ar
Google Scholar
Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bodryzlova, Y., Audet, J. S., Bergeron, K. et O’Connor, K. (2019). Group cognitive-behavioural therapy for hoarding disorder : Systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Soc Care Community, 27(3), 517-530. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12598 10.1111/hsc.12598 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bodryzlova, Y. et O’Connor, K. (2018). Factors Affecting the Referral Rate of the Hoarding Disorder at Primary Mental Health Care in Quebec. Community Ment Health J, 54(6), 773-781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-018-0234-z 10.1007/s10597-018-0234-z Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bodryzlova, Y., O’Connor, K., Vallee, V., Koszegi, N. et Dupuis, M. J. (2020). Community Partnership in Response to Hoarding Disorder in Montreal. Psychiatr Serv, 71(6), 631-634. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201900485 10.1176/appi.ps.201900485 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bombardier, M., Blanchet, M., Leclerc, J. B., Berthiaume, C., Fontaine, A. et O’Connor, K. (2018). Thérapie basée sur les inférences ciblant les enfants ayant un trouble obsessionnel-compulsif : cas clinique. Journal de thérapie comportementale et cognitive, 28, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcc.2018.01.002 10.1016/j.jtcc.2018.01.002 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bombardier, M., Leclerc, J. B., O’Connor, K. P. et Valois, P. (2023). L’approche basée sur les inférences chez les jeunes ayant des symptômes obsessionnels-compulsifs : le rôle de la confusion inférentielle et de l’accommodation familiale dans les processus cognitifs menant au doute. Revue Science et Comportement, 33(1), 7-20. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cervin, M., Perrin, S., Olsson, E., Aspvall, K., Geller, D. et Wilhelm, S. e. a. (2020). The Centrality of Doubting and Checking in the Network Structure of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Dimensions in Youth. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry., 59(7), 880-889. 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.06.018 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Clark, D. A. (2020). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for OCD and its subtypes (Vol. 2). The Guilford Press. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Deckersbach, T., Rauch, S., Buhlmann, U. et Wilhelm, S. (2006). Habit reversal versus supportive psychotherapy in Tourette’s disorder : A randomized controlled trial and predictors of treatment response. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(8), 1079-1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.08.007 10.1016/j.brat.2005.08.007 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Evers, R. A. et van de Wetering, B. J. (1994). A treatment model for motor tics based on a specific tension-reduction technique. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 25(3), 255-260. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7852608 10.1016/0005-7916(94)90026-4 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Fisher, P. L. et Wells, A. (2005). How effective are cognitive and behavioral treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder ? A clinical significance analysis. Behav Res Ther, 43(12), 1543-1558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.11.007 10.1016/j.brat.2004.11.007 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Foa, E. B. et Franklin, M. E. (1999). Cognitive behavior therapy. In Handbook of comparative interventions for adult disorders (2nd ed.) John Wiley & Sons. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Fontaine, A., O’Connor, K. P. et Lavoie, M. E. (2012). L’intervention cognitivo-comportementale auprès des enfants et des adolescents aux prises avec un trouble obsessionnel–compulsif. Intervention cognitivo-comportementale auprès des enfants et des adolescents : Troubles intériorisés. Tome 1, chapitre 5, 115-146.10.1515/9782760534070-006 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Fontenelle, I. S., Fontenelle, L. F., Borges, M. C., Prazeres, A. M., Range, B. P., Mendlowicz, M. V. et Versiani, M. (2010). Quality of life and symptom dimensions of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res, 179(2), 198-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.04.005 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.04.005 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Frank, M. et Cavanna, A. E. (2013). Behavioural treatments for Tourette syndrome : An evidence-based review. Behavioural Neurology, 27(1), 105-117. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/134863 10.1155/2013/134863 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Frost, R. O. et Steketee, G. (1997). Perfectionism in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients. Behav Res Ther, 35(4), 291-296. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=9134783 10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00108-8 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Geller, D. A. et Williams, K. (2016). Obsessive-compulsive disorder. In Dulcan’s textbook of child and adolescent psychiatry (2nd ed.) American Psychiatric Publishing. 10.1176/appi.books.9781615370306.md17 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Goldstone, R. L., Pestilli, F. et Börner, K. (2015). Self-portraits of the brain : Cognitive science, data visualization, and communicating brain structure and function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(8), 462-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.05.012 10.1016/j.tics.2015.05.012 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Group, O. C. C. W. (1997). Cognitive assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther, 35(7), 667-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00017-x 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00017-X Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Group., O. C. C. W. (2001). Development and initial validation of the obsessive beliefs questionnaire and the interpretation of intrusions inventory. Behav Res Ther., 39(8), 987-1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00085-1. 10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00085-1 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hoogduin, K., Verdellen, C. et Cath, D. C. (1997). Exposure and response prevention in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome : Four case studies. Clinical psychology and psychotherapy, 4(2), 125-135. 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199706)4:2<125::AID-CPP125>3.0.CO;2-Z Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Houazene S, Leclerc JB, O’Connor K et F., A. (2021). “Shame on you” : The impact of shame in body-focused repetitive behaviors and binge eating. [Epub]. Behav Res Ther., Mar ;138, :103804. https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103804. 10.1016/j.brat.2021.103804 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Janet, P. (1903). Les Obsessions Et la Psychasthénie, Vol. 1 : Études cliniques et expérimentales sur les idées obsédantes, les impulsions, les manies mentales, la folie du doute, les tics, les agitations, les phobies. Alcan. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb31182408p Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Julien, D., O’Connor, K. et Aardema, F. (2016). The inference-based approach to obsessive-compulsive disorder : A comprehensive review of its etiological model, treatment efficacy, and model of change. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15(202), 187-196. 10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.060 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Karno, M., Golding, J. M., Sorenson, S. B. et Burnam, M. A. (1988). The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 45(12), 1094-1099. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3264144 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800360042006 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lalonde, M. P., O’Connor, K., St-Pierre-Delorme, M. E., Perreault, V. et Wilson, S. (2016). Diet and Doubt : A Clinical Case Study of Inference-Based Therapy for Bulimia Nervosa. J Cogn Psychother, 30(4), 263-276. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.30.4.263 10.1891/0889-8391.30.4.263 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lang, P. J., McTeague, L. M. et Bradley, M. M. (2014). Pathological anxiety and function/dysfunction in the brain’s fear/defense circuitry. Restor Neurol Neurosci, 32(1), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-139012 10.3233/RNN-139012 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Langen, M., Durston, S., Kas, M. J., van Engeland, H. et Staal, W. G. (2011). The neurobiology of repetitive behavior : …and men. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 35(3), 356-365. doi : 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.02.005. Epub 2010 Feb 12. PMID : 20153769.10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.02.005 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lanteri-Laura, G. (1994). [Psychasthenia : history and evolution of the P. Janet concept]. Encephale, 20 Spec No 3, 551-557. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7843050 (La psychasthenie : histoire et evolution d’un concept de P. Janet.) Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lavoie, M. E., Imbriglio, T. V., Stip, E. et O’Connor, K. P. (2011). Neurocognitive changes following cognitive-behavioral treatment in Tourette Syndrome and chronic tic disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 4(1), 34-50. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2011.4.1.34 10.1521/ijct.2011.4.1.34 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lavoie, M. E., Leclerc, J. et Aardema, F. (2019). Obituary to Kieron O’Connor. The Behavior Therapist, 42(8), 289-290. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lavoie, M. E., Thibault, G., Stip, E. et O’Connor, K. P. (2007). Memory and executive functions in adults with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorder. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 12(2), 165-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546800600826371 10.1080/13546800600826371 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Leclerc, J., Forget, J. et O’Connor, K. P. (2008). Quand le corps fait à sa tête – Le syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette. Multimondes. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Leclerc, J., Lavoie, M. E., Singer, I., Audet, J. S., Gauthier, B. et Woods, D. (2023). First results of a randomized control trial to compare CBIT and CoPs in children and adults : Another string to the bow of psychotherapy. 15th European Conference on Tourette Syndrome and tic Disorders., Bruxelles, Belgique.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Leclerc, J. B., O’Connor, K., Nolin, G., Valois, P. et Lavoie, M. (2016a). The effect of a new therapy for children with tics targeting underlying cognitive, behavioral, and physiological processes. Frontiers in psychiatry, 7, 135. 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00135 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Leclerc, J. B., O’Connor, K. P., Nolin, G., Valois, P. et Lavoie, M. E. (2016b). The Effect of a New Therapy for Children with Tics Targeting Underlying Cognitive, Behavioral, and Physiological Processes. Front Psychiatry, 7, 135. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00135 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00135 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Leclerc, J. B., Singer, I., O’Connor, K. P., Blanchet, P., Gauthier, B. et Lavoie, M. E. (2024). Comparison of cognitive-behavioural treatments for tics and Tourette syndrome in youth and adults : A randomized controlled trial. [RCT]. British Journal of Psychiatry, BJPsych-23-0665. 10.1016/j.jbct.2024.100491 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Leclerc, J. B., Trudel, G., Lavoie, M. et Aardema, F. (2020). À la mémoire de Kieron P. O’Connor. Science et comportement., 30(1), 93-95. http://science-et-comportement.uqam.ca/AnciensNumeros/V30/020-KOConnor.pdf Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Leclerc, J. B., Valois, P., Gabrielle, J., Bombardier, M., Ouellette, S. et O’Connor, K. P. (2016c). A Therapy for Tics in Children Managing Underlying Processes : a Pilot Study. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 28, 581-593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-016-9496-y 10.1007/s10882-016-9496-y Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Llorens-Aguilar, S., Garcia-Soriano, G., Arnaez, S., Aardema, F. et O’Connor, K. (2021). Is context a crucial factor in distinguishing between intrusions and obsessions in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder ? J Clin Psychol, 77(3), 804-817. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23060 10.1002/jclp.23060 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Meyer, V. (1966). Modification of expectations in cases with obsessional rituals. Behav Res Ther., 4(4), 273-280. 10.1016/0005-7967(66)90023-4 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Morand-Beaulieu, S. et Lavoie, M. E. (2019). Cognitive and motor event-related potentials in Tourette syndrome and tic disorders : A systematic review. Clin Neurophysiol, 130(6), 1041-1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2018.10.022 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.10.022 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Morand-Beaulieu, S., Leclerc, J. B., Valois, P., Lavoie, M. E., O’Connor, K. P. et Gauthier, B. (2017). A Review of the Neuropsychological Dimensions of Tourette Syndrome. Brain Sci, 7(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7080106 10.3390/brainsci7080106 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Morand-Beaulieu, S., O’Connor, K. P., Blanchet, P. J. et Lavoie, M. E. (2018). Electrophysiological predictors of cognitive-behavioral therapy outcome in tic disorders. Journal of psychiatric research, 105, 113-122. 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.020 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Morand-Beaulieu, S., O’Connor, K. P., Richard, M., Sauve, G., Leclerc, J. B., Blanchet, P. J. et Lavoie, M. E. (2016). The Impact of a Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Event-Related Potentials in Patients with Tic Disorders or Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors. Front Psychiatry, 7, 81. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00081 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00081 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Morand-Beaulieu, S., O’Connor, K. P., Sauvé, G., Blanchet, P. J. et Lavoie, M. E. (2015). Cognitive-behavioral therapy induces sensorimotor and specific electrocortical changes in chronic tic and Tourette’s disorder. Neuropsychologia, 79(Part B), 310-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.024 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.024 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K. (1986). Motor potentials and motor performance associated with introverted and extraverted smokers. Neuropsychobiology, 16(2-3), 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1159/000118308 10.1159/000118308 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K. (2002). Intrusions and inferences in obsessive compulsive disorder. Clin Psychol Psychother., 9(1), 38-46. 10.1002/cpp.303 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K., Audet, J.-S., Julien, D., Aardema, F., Laverdure, A. et Lavoie, M. (2015). The style of planning action (STOP) questionnaire in OCD spectrum disorders. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 25-32. 10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.018 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K., Bodryzlova, Y., Audet, J. S., Koszegi, N., Bergeron, K. et Guitard, A. (2018). Group cognitive-behavioural treatment with long-term follow-up and targeting self-identity for hoarding disorder : An open trial. Clin Psychol Psychother, 25(5), 701-709. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2304 10.1002/cpp.2304 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K., Brisebois, H., Brault, M., Robillard, S. et Loiselle, J. (2003). Behavioral activity associated with onset in chronic tic and habit disorder. Behav Res Ther, 41(2), 241-249. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12547383 10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00051-7 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K., Brousseau, L., Marchand, A. et Desjardins, S. (2006). La vie sans tranquilisants : pour réussir à arrêter et à maintenir le cap. Stanké. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K., Lavoie, M., Blanchet, P. et St-Pierre-Delorme, M. E. (2016). Evaluation of a cognitive psychophysiological model for management of tic disorders : an open trial. Br J Psychiatry, 209(1), 76-83. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.154518 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.154518 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K. et Physant-Skov, M. (1989). Smoking reduction based on a situational model of craving. Psychol Rep, 65(3 Pt 1), 963-966. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.65.3.963 10.2466/pr0.1989.65.3.963 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K. et Robillard, S. (1995). Inference processes in obsessive-compulsive disorder : some clinical observations. Behav Res Ther, 33(8), 887-896. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(95)00042-v 10.1016/0005-7967(95)00042-V Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K., Stip, E., Pelissier, M. C., Aardema, F., Guay, S., Gaudette, G., Van Haaster, I., Robillard, S., Grenier, S., Careau, Y., Doucet, P. et Leblanc, V. (2007). Treating delusional disorder : a comparison of cognitive-behavioural therapy and attention placebo control. Can J Psychiatry, 52(3), 182-190. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370705200310 10.1177/070674370705200310 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K., Todorov, C., Robillard, S., Borgeat, F. et Brault, M. (1999). Cognitive-behaviour therapy and medication in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder : a controlled study. Can J Psychiatry, 44(1), 64-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674379904400108 10.1177/070674379904400108 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K., Wilson, S., Taillon, A., Pelissier, M. C. et Audet, J. S. (2018). Inductive reasoning and doubt in obsessive compulsive disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 59, 65-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.11.002 10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.11.002 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K. P. (2001). Clinical and psychological features distinguishing obsessive-compulsive and chronic tic disorders [Review]. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(4), 631-660. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=med4&AN=11413870 10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00055-6 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K. P. (2002). A cognitive-behavioral/psychophysiological model of tic disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 1113-1142. 10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00048-7 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K. P. (2005). Cognitive-Behavioral Management of Tic Disorders. John Wiley & Sons. 10.1002/9780470713518 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K. P. (2005). Testing the cognitive-psychophysiological model : validation of a style of planning action (STOP) as a discriminator between tic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety. In Cognitive-Behavioral Management of tic disorders (pp. 65-73). John-Wiley & Sons. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K. P., Aardema, F. et Pélissier, M. C. (2005). Beyond reasonable doubt. John Wiley & Sons. 10.1002/0470030275 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K. P., Aardema, F., Robillard, S., Guay, S., Pelissier, M. C., Todorov, C., Borgeat, F., Leblanc, V., Grenier, S. et Doucet, P. (2006). Cognitive behaviour therapy and medication in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 113(5), 408-419. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00767.x 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00767.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K. P., Brault, M., Robillard, S., Loiselle, J., Borgeat, F. et Stip, E. (2001). Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioural program for the management of chronic tic and habit disorders. Behav Res Ther, 39(6), 667-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00048-6 10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00048-6 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K. P. et Gareau, D. (1994). Tics et problèmes de tension musculaire. Les Éditions de l’Homme. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K. P., Lavoie, M. E. et Schoendorff, B. (2017). Managing Tic and Habit Disorders : A Cognitive Psychophysiological Treatment Approach with Acceptance Strategies. Wiley-Blackwell. 10.1002/9781119167303 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K. P., Lavoie, M., E., Stip, E., Borgeat, F. et Laverdure, A. (2008). Cognitive-behaviour therapy and skilled motor performance in adults with chronic tic disorder. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 18(1), 45-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602010701390835 10.1080/09602010701390835 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K. P., Stip, E. et Robillard, S. (2001). [Cognitive aspects and treatment of delusional disorders.]. Santé mentale au Québec, 26(2), 179-202. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18253611 (Le traitement du trouble délirant et ses aspects cognitifs.) 10.7202/014531ar
Google Scholar
Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K. P. et Stravynski, A. (1982). Evaluation of a smoking typology by use of a specific behavioural substitution method of self-control. Behav Res Ther, 20(3), 279-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(82)90147-4 10.1016/0005-7967(82)90147-4 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor., Laverdure, A., Taillon, A., Stip, E., Borgeat, F. et Lavoie, M. (2009). Cognitive behavioral management of Tourette’s syndrome and chronic tic disorder in medicated and unmedicated samples. Behav Res Ther, 47(12), 1090-1095. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=19698938 10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.021 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor., Lavoie, M. E., Robert, M., Stip, E. et Borgeat, F. (2005). Brain-Behavior Relations During Motor Processing in Chronic Tic and Habit Disorder. Cognitive and behavioral neurology, 18(2), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wnq.0000151131.06699.af 10.1097/01.wnq.0000151131.06699.af Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- O’Connor, K., St-Pierre-Delorme, M.-È., Leclerc, J., Lavoie, M. et Blais, M. T. (2014). Meta-cognitions in Tourette syndrome, tic disorders, and body-focused repetitive disorder. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry / La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 59(8), 417-425. 10.1177/070674371405900804 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Olatunji, B. O., Davis, M. L., Powers, M. B. et Smits, J. A. (2013). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder : a meta-analysis of treatment outcome and moderators. J Psychiatr Res, 47(1), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.08.020 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.08.020 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Osborn, I. (1998). Tormenting Thoughts and Secret Rituals : The Hidden Epidemic of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Dell Puplishing : Random House Inc. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ost, L. G., Havnen, A., Hansen, B. et Kvale, G. (2015). Cognitive behavioral treatments of obsessive-compulsive disorder. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published 1993-2014. Clin Psychol Rev, 40, 156-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.003 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.003 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ouellet-Courtois, C., Aardema, F. et O’Connor, K. (2021). Reality check : An experimental manipulation of inferential confusion in eating disorders. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 70, 101614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101614 10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101614 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Pelissier, M. C. et O’Connor, K. P. (2002). Deductive and inductive reasoning in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Clin Psychol, 41(Pt 1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466502163769 10.1348/014466502163769 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Perodeau, G., Grenon, E., Grenier, S. et O’Connor, K. (2016). Systemic model of chronic benzodiazepine use among mature adults. Aging Ment Health, 20(4), 380-390. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1015961 10.1080/13607863.2015.1015961 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Piacentini, J., Woods, D. W., Scahill, L., Wilhelm, S., Peterson, A. L., Chang, S., Ginsburg, G. S., Deckersbach, T., Dziura, J., Levi-Pearl, S. et Walkup, J. T. (2010). Behavior therapy for children with Tourette disorder : a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 303(19), 1929-1937. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=20483969 10.1001/jama.2010.607 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Pringsheim, T., Holler-Managan, Y., Okun, M. S., Jankovic, J., Piacentini, J., Cavanna, A. E., Martino, D., Muller-Vahl, K., Woods, D. W., Robinson, M., Jarvie, E., Roessner, V. et Oskoui, M. (2019). Comprehensive systematic review summary : Treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology, 92(19), 907-915. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000007467 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007467 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Pringsheim, T., Okun, M. S., Muller-Vahl, K., Martino, D., Jankovic, J., Cavanna, A. E., Woods, D. W., Robinson, M., Jarvie, E., Roessner, V., Oskoui, M., Holler-Managan, Y. et Piacentini, J. (2019). Practice guideline recommendations summary : Treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology, 92(19), 896-906. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000007466 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007466 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Purcell Lalonde, M., O’Connor, K., Aardema, F. et Coelho, J. S. (2015). Food for thought : ego-dystonicity and fear of self in eating disorders. Eur Eat Disord Rev, 23(3), 179-184. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2349 10.1002/erv.2349 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Rachman, S. (1997). A cognitive theory of obsessions. Behav Res Ther, 35(9), 793-802. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00040-5 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00040-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Radomsky, A. S., Alcolado, G. M., Abramowitz, J. S., Alonso, P., Belloch, A. et Bouvard, M. e. a. (2014). Part 1-you can run but you can’t hide : intrusive thoughts on six continents. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord., 3(3), 269-279. 10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.09.002 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Radomsky, A. S., Ouimet, A. J., Ashbaugh, A. R., Lavoie, S. L., Parrish, C. L. et O’Connor, K. P. (2006). Psychometric properties of the French and English versions of the Vancouver Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory and the Symmetry Ordering and Arranging Questionnaire. Cogn Behav Ther, 35(3), 164-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070600827198 10.1080/16506070600827198 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Roberts, S., O’Connor, K. et Belanger, C. (2013). Emotion regulation and other psychological models for body-focused repetitive behaviors. Clin Psychol Rev, 33(6), 745-762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.004 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.004 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Robertson, M. M., Cavanna, A. E. et Eapen, V. (2015). Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and disruptive behavior disorders : Prevalence, associations, and explanation of the relationships. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 27(1), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.13050112 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.13050112 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Roth, R. M., Baribeau, J., Milovan, D., O’Connor, K. et Todorov, C. (2004). Procedural and declarative memory in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Int Neuropsychol Soc, 10(5), 647-654. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15327712 10.1017/S1355617704105018 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Roth, R. M., Baribeau, J., Milovan, D. L. et O’Connor, K. (2004). Speed and accuracy on tests of executive function in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brain and Cognition, 54(3), 263-265. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15050790 10.1016/j.bandc.2004.02.053 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Roth, R. M., Milovan, D., Baribeau, J. et O’Connor, K. (2005). Neuropsychological functioning in early- and late-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 17(2), 208-213. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15939975 10.1176/jnp.17.2.208 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Saxena, S., Gorbis, E., O’Neill, J., Baker, S. K., Mandelkern, M. A., Maidment, K. M., Chang, S., Salamon, N., Brody, A. L., Schwartz, J. M. et London, E. D. (2008). Rapid effects of brief intensive cognitive-behavioral therapy on brain glucose metabolism in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18180761 10.1038/sj.mp.4002134 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Shafran, R., Radomsky, A. S., Coughtrey, A. E. et Rachman, S. (2013). Advances in the cognitive behavioural treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Cogn Behav Ther., 42(4), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2013.773061. 10.1080/16506073.2013.773061 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Stip, E., O’Connor, K., Roch Lecours, A., Prudhomme, P. et Elie, R. (1999). Coprolalia and decreased motor inhibition in Tourette’s disorder : Evidence from a lexical decision task. Brain and Cognition, 40(1), 262-264. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Taillon, A., O’Connor, K., Dupuis, G. et Lavoie, M. (2013). Inference-based therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 20(1), 67-76. 10.1002/cpp.767 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ueda, K. et Black, K. J. (2021). A Comprehensive Review of Tic Disorders in Children. J Clin Med, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112479 10.3390/jcm10112479 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- van de Griendt, J. M. T. M., Verdellen, C. W. J., van Dijk, M. K. et Verbraak, M. J. P. M. (2013). Behavioural treatment of tics : Habit reversal and exposure with response prevention. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 37(6), 1172-1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.10.007 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.10.007 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Verdellen, C., van de Griendt, J., Hartmann, A., Murphy, T. et Group, E. G. (2011). European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part III : behavioural and psychosocial interventions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 20(4), 197-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-011-0167-3 10.1007/s00787-011-0167-3 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Verdellen, C. W., Keijsers, G. P., Cath, D. C. et Hoogduin, C. A. (2004). Exposure with response prevention versus habit reversal in Tourettes’s syndrome : a controlled study. Behavior and Research Therapy, 42(5), 501-511. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15033497 10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00154-2 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Vismara, M., Benatti, B., Fineberg, N. A., Hollander, E., Van Ameringen, M., Menchon, J. M., Zohar, J. et Dell’Osso, B. (2023). Lessons from a multicenter, international, large sample size analysis of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorders : an overview of the ICOCS Snapshot studies. CNS Spectr, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852923002432 10.1017/S1092852923002432 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Visser, H. A., van Megen, H., van Oppen, P., Eikelenboom, M., Hoogendorn, A. W., Kaarsemaker, M. et van Balkom, A. J. (2015). Inference-Based Approach versus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Poor Insight : A 24-Session Randomized Controlled Trial. Psychother Psychosom, 84(5), 284-293. https://doi.org/10.1159/000382131 10.1159/000382131 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Wilhelm, S., Deckersbach, T., Coffey, B. J., Bohne, A., Peterson, A. L. et Baer, L. (2003). Habit reversal versus supportive psychotherapy for Tourette’s disorder : a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry, 160(6), 1175-1177. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1175 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1175 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Wilhelm, S., Peterson, A. L., Piacentini, J., Woods, D. W., Deckersbach, T., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Chang, S., Liu, H., Dziura, J., Walkup, J. T. et Scahill, L. (2012). Randomized trial of behavior therapy for adults with Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 69(8), 795-803. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1528 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1528 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Wilson, S., Aardema, F. et O’Connor, K. (2017). Doubt and fear of self in bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord, 50(12), 1437-1441. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22789 10.1002/eat.22789 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Wilson, S., Aardema, F. et O’Connor, K. (2020). What do I look like ? Perceptual confidence in bulimia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord, 25(1), 177-183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0542-x 10.1007/s40519-018-0542-x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Woods, D. W. et Himle, M. B. (2004). Creating tic suppression : comparing the effects of verbal instruction to differential reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 37(3), 417-420. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15529900 10.1901/jaba.2004.37-417 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Wu, K. D., Aardema, F. et O’Connor, K. P. (2009). Inferential confusion, obsessive beliefs, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms : a replication and extension. J Anxiety Disord, 23(6), 746-752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.017 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.02.017 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Yang, J., Hirsch, L., Martino, D., Jette, N., Roberts, J. et Pringsheim, T. (2016). The prevalence of diagnosed tourette syndrome in Canada : A national population-based study. Mov Disord, 31(11), 1658-1663. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.2676610.1002/mds.26766 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar