Améliorer la qualité des services (QS) est l’un des enjeux centraux des systèmes de santé depuis de nombreuses années, et au coeur des multiples transformations dans plusieurs pays (Kilbourne et al., 2018) dont au Québec. La QS est un concept complexe et multidimensionnel, qui peut être défini comme « le degré auquel les soins pour les individus et les populations augmentent la probabilité d’obtenir les résultats souhaités en matière de santé et sont conformes aux meilleures connaissances actuelles sur les pratiques et services de santé » (Institute of Medicine – Lohr et al., 1992) ; ou « des services sociosanitaires exempts de stigmatisation, axés sur le rétablissement, fondés sur des données probantes, respectant les valeurs culturelles et linguistiquement adaptés, équitables et inclusifs » (Commission de santé mentale (SM) du Canada (CSMC, 2023). Bref, la mesure de la QS répond principalement à la question suivante : « Est-ce que les usagers reçoivent les services sociosanitaires nécessaires répondant adéquatement à leurs besoins, au moment, lieu, fréquence et selon les meilleures modalités connues ? » (Campbell et al., 2000). Les sous-dimensions de la QS les plus identifiées au niveau individuel sont l’accès, la continuité, la sécurité, l’efficacité et l’adéquation des services, et au niveau populationnel : l’équité, l’efficience, la coordination ou l’intégration des services. L’accès aux soins réfère à leur temporalité (p. ex. temps d’attente), localisation (disponibilité des services urbains vs ruraux), abordabilité (capacité de payer), relève des caractéristiques (adultes vs jeunes), groupes (population générale vs en situation d’itinérance) ou préférences des usagers (psychiatrie vs soins primaires). La continuité traduit l’alliance thérapeutique et son maintien sur plusieurs années d’un patient avec un clinicien (p. ex. confiance, respect, empathie), la coordination adéquate des services où les services sont complémentaires et fluides entre les dispensateurs de services, et de l’information où le patient n’a pas à répéter son histoire et où les données cliniques sont partagées entre les dispensateurs de soins (Biringer et al., 2017 ; Haggerty et al., 2003). La sécurité des services en SM réfère particulièrement aux mesures prises pour minimiser les comportements suicidaires, les accidents, dont les intoxications, les effets secondaires des traitements, etc. (Tyler et al., 2021). L’efficacité renvoie à l’emploi de données probantes ou minimalement ayant fait l’objet de consensus d’experts (p. ex. protocoles cliniques, outils de mesure de dépistage/diagnostic) dont l’emploi de systèmes d’aide à la prise de décision et au monitorage des résultats des traitements des usagers (measurement based care) (Aboraya et al., 2018), ainsi qu’aux dimensions interpersonnelles des soins (p. ex. non-stigmatisation, approches centrées sur le patient – respectant ses préférences et décisions (Campbell et al., 2000)). En SM incluant les dépendances, il existe plusieurs « bonnes pratiques » particulièrement reconnues référant à des approches (p. ex. biopsychosociale, rétablissement, réduction des méfaits), à des traitements (p. ex. thérapies cognitivo-comportementales et motivationnelles, autosoin), à des stratégies cliniques ou organisationnelles (p. ex. plans de services individualisés, infirmières de liaison aux urgences, pairs aidants), ou à des programmes ou modèles de soins (p. ex. soins de collaboration, soins chroniques) (Fleury et Grenier, 2012). Certaines de ces pratiques concernent davantage les usagers ayant des troubles mentaux (TM) courants (p. ex. soins par étape, gestion de cas) (Wampold et al., 2011), des TM graves (p. ex. soutien d’intensité variable, suivi intensif) (Drake et al., 2000), des dépendances (p. ex. AA – Alcooliques anonymes) ou des TM-dépendances concomitants (p. ex. soins intégrés) (Chauvet et al., 2015). D’autres visent des groupes d’âge spécifiques (p. ex. programme de premiers épisodes psychotiques – 12 à 35 ans) (Correll et al., 2018) ou des secteurs de services particuliers (p. ex. soutien à l’emploi (Mueser et …
Appendices
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