Abstracts
Résumé
Objectif Le droit au refus de soins des accusés déclarés criminellement non responsables pour cause de troubles mentaux ou inaptes à subir leur procès est reconnu et strictement encadré par les mécanismes légaux du droit civil québécois et le droit criminel canadien ne permet pas de les traiter contre leur volonté. Les commissions d’examen, qui sont chargées de statuer et de réévaluer périodiquement leur situation, ne peuvent prescrire de traitement, mais ont l’autorité, avec le consentement des accusés, d’imposer une condition relative à un traitement. Cette étude ethnographique vise à documenter le discours et les pratiques de la Commission québécoise d’examen en la matière.
Méthode Une analyse thématique de contenu a été réalisée. Le matériel de recherche est composé d’observations d’audiences de la Commission d’examen (n = 70), de fiches d’information sur les dossiers judiciaires remplies par des avocats de la défense (n = 191), d’entrevues avec des psychiatres (n = 7) et des avocats de la défense (n = 7) et de l’étude de 100 décisions judiciaires de 2018, sélectionnées au hasard.
Résultats Notre étude démontre que les pratiques de la Commission québécoise d’examen permettent, directement ou indirectement, via l’ambiguïté des conditions ou des pressions exercées par certaines équipes traitantes, de passer outre les refus de soins des accusés et d’imposer des traitements. Les implications de ces constats pour l’évolution des savoirs et des pratiques en psychiatrie légale sont discutées.
Conclusion Alors que les commissions sont censées gérer le risque pour la sécurité du public, elles se trouvent dans les faits, en contexte de désengagement de l’État en matière sociale, à exercer une surveillance et un contrôle notamment via les conditions concernant les traitements.
Mots-clés :
- consentement aux soins,
- refus de soins,
- commission d’examen,
- risque,
- droit criminel
Abstract
Objectives The right to refuse care for accused persons found criminally not responsible on account of mental disorder or unfit to stand trial is recognized and strictly regulated by the legal mechanisms of Quebec civil law, and Canadian criminal law does not allow them to be treated against their will. Review Boards, which are responsible for ruling on and periodically re-evaluating their situation, cannot prescribe treatment, but have the authority, with the consent of the accused, to impose a condition relating to treatment. The purpose of this ethnographic study is to document the discourse and practices of the Quebec Review Board in this area.
Method The research material consists of observations from the hearings of the Quebec Review Board (n = 70), file observation grids completed by defense lawyers (n = 191), interviews with psychiatrists (n = 7) and defense lawyers (n = 7) and the study of one hundred court decisions from 2018, randomly selected.
Results Our study shows that the practices of the Quebec Review Board make it possible, directly or indirectly, through the ambiguity of conditions or the pressure exerted by certain treatment teams, to override the accused’s refusal of care and to impose treatment. The implications of these findings for the evolution of knowledge and practices in forensic psychiatry are discussed.
Conclusion While the Review Boards are supposed to manage the risk to public safety, they are in fact, in the context of the State’s disengagement in social matters, exercising surveillance and control, in particular via the conditions relating to treatment.
Keywords:
- consent to care,
- refusal of care,
- review board,
- risk,
- criminal law
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Aasland, O. G., Husum, T. L., Førde, R. et Pedersen, R. (2018). Between authoritarian and dialogical approaches : attitudes and opinions on coercion among professionals in mental health and addiction care in Norway. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 57, 106-112. 10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.02.005 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Atkinson, P. et Hammersley, M. (2007). Ethnography : principles in practice, 3e éd. Routledge.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Barrett, J. et Shandler, R. (2006). Mental Disorder in Canadian Criminal Law. Thomson Carswell.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bernheim, E. (2020) Justice, power and intersectionality : beyond psychiatry, the social issue in question. Dans Jacob, M.-A. et A. Kirkland (dir.), Research Handbook on Socio-Legal Studies of medicine et Health. Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bernheim, E., Chalifour, G. et Laniel, R.-A. (2016). La santé mentale en justice – Invisibilité et déni de droits : une étude statistique de la jurisprudence en autorisation de soins. Revue de droit et santé de McGill, 9(2), 337-382.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bibler Coutin, S. et Fortin, V. (2015). Legal Ethnographies and Ethnographic Law. Dans Sarat, A. et Ewick, P. (dir), The Handbook of Law and Society. Wiley.10.1002/9781118701430.ch5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Carver, P. et Langlois-Klassen, C. (2006). The Role and Powers of Forensic Psychiatric Review Boards in Canada : Recent Developments. Health Law Journal, 14, 1-20.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Centre de santé mentale de Penetanguishene c Ontario (Procureur général), 2004 CSC 20.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Code civil du Québec, RLRQ c CCQ-1991.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Code criminel, LRC (1985), ch. C-46.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Couture-Trudel, P.-M. et Morin, M.-È. (2007). La garde en établissement au Québec : enjeux de la détention civile en psychiatrie. Santé mentale au Québec, 32(1), 229-244.
10.7202/016518ar Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Domingue J.L., Jacob J.D., Perron A., Pariseau-Legault P. et Foth T. (2020). (Re)construction identitaire et pratique infirmière en psychiatrie légale : réflexion critique sur les commissions d’examen. Rech Soins Infirm. 143, 118-26. 10.3917/rsi.143.0118 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Elmer, T., Rabenschlag, F., Schori, D., Zuaboni, G., Kozel, B., Jaeger, S.,... et Jaeger, M. (2018). Informal coercion as a neglected form of communication in psychiatric settings in Germany and Switzerland. Psychiatry research, 262, 400-406. 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.014 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Han, B.-C. (2017). Psychopolitics—Neoliberalism and New Technologies of Power, Verso.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Holder, S. M., Warren, C., Rogers, K., Griffeth, B., Peterson, E., Blackhurst, D. et Ochonma, C. (2018). Involuntary processes : knowledge base of health care professionals in a tertiary medical center in upstate South Carolina. Community mental health journal, 54(2), 149-157. 10.1007/s10597-017-0115-x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Jaeger, M., Ketteler, D., Rabenschlag, F. et Theodoridou, A. (2014). Informal coercion in acute inpatient setting—Knowledge and attitudes held by mental health professionals. Psychiatry research, 220(3), 1007-1011.10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.014 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kouri, R. et Philips-Nootens, S. (2003). Le majeur inapte et le refus catégorique de soins de santé : un concept pour le moins ambigu. Revue du Barreau, 63, 1-28. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Leifer, R. (1990). Introduction : The Medical Model as the Ideology of the Therapeutic State. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 11(3-4), 247-258.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Le projet national des trajectoires, www.ntp-ptn.orgGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Loi sur la protection des personnes des personnes dont l’état mental présente un danger pour elles-mêmes ou pour autrui, RLRQ c P-38.001.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Luther, G. et Mela, M. (2006). The Top Ten Issues in Law and Psychiatry. Saskatchewan Law Review, 69, 401-440.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Mazzei c Colombie-Britannique (Directeur des Adult Forensic Psychiatric Services), 2006 CSC 7.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
NG et Responsable du CISSS A, 2018 CanLII 91521 (QC TAQ).Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Paillé, P. (1994). L’analyse par théorisation ancrée. Cahiers de recherche sociologique, 23, 147-181
10.7202/1002253ar Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Pinet c St. Thomas Psychiatric Hospital, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 528.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
R c Conway, 2012 CSC 22. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Rose, N. (1994). Psychiatry as political science : advanced liberalism and the administration of risk. History of the Human Sciences, 9(2), 1-23.10.1177/095269519600900201 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Sallée, N., Bernheim, E., Ouellet, G. et Pariseau-Legault, P. (2022). Au tribunal des risques. Contrôle, autocontrôle et tensions juridiques à la Commission d’examen des troubles mentaux (Québec, Canada). Droit et société, 111(2), 357-380.10.3917/drs1.111.0357 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Scheffer, T., Hannken-Illjes, K. et Kozin, A. (2010). Criminal Defence and Procedure : Comparative Ethnographies in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States. Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230283114 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Stensrud, B., Høyer, G., Beston, G., Granerud, A. et Landheim, A. S. (2016). “Care or control ?” : a qualitative study of staff experiences with outpatient commitment orders. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 51(5), 747-755. 10.1007/s00127-016-1193-8 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Wilson, C., Nicholls, T., Charette, Y., Seto, M. C. et Crocker, A. G. (2016). Factors Associated with Review Board Dispositions following Re-hospitalization among Discharged Persons found Not Criminally Responsible. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 34, 278-294.10.1002/bsl.2220 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Winko c Colombie-Britannique (Forensic Psychiatric Institute), [1999] 2 RCS 625Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Yuen, S. (2013). Unnecessary, Counterproductive, Unconstitutional. An examination of Bill C-54 : The Not Criminally Responsible Reform Act. Mémoire soumis à la Faculté de droit de l’Université de Toronto.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Zuckerberg, J. (2011). Jurisdiction of Mental Health Tribunals to Provide Positive Remedies : Application, Challenges, and Prospects. Revue de droit de McGill, 57(2), 267-298.
10.7202/1007817ar Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
