Abstracts
Résumé
Objectifs Les personnes composant avec un premier épisode psychotique (PEP) sont peu représentées dans les essais cliniques menant à l’homologation des médicaments. En conséquence, il existe une relative pénurie de données empiriques pour guider le traitement psychopharmacologique de ces jeunes. Le présent article offre une synthèse de cette littérature, éclairée par l’expérience clinique de traitement des PEP acquise par les auteurs au cours des 25 dernières années.
Méthodes Cette revue sélective de la littérature porte sur le traitement psychopharmacologique des PEP et inclut à la fois les essais randomisés et les études observationnelles. Elle s’organise autour des thèmes suivants concernant les PEP : les taux de réponse et de rémission ; les taux de rechute ; les spécificités relatives à la susceptibilité aux effets indésirables ; les comparaisons entre les diverses molécules et formes pharmaceutiques en regard de l’efficacité, l’innocuité et la prévention de rechute ; les recommandations quant à la durée du traitement ; l’approche dans la résistance au traitement et l’utilisation de la clozapine. Pour chacun de ces thèmes, les données de recherche sont interprétées et complétées par des commentaires inspirés de l’expérience clinique des auteurs, dans une perspective résolument axée sur le rétablissement de la personne.
Résultats La rémission des symptômes est atteinte chez environ 75 % des personnes lors du traitement initial d’un PEP, son maintien étant un très fort prédicteur du rétablissement fonctionnel. Les taux de rechute psychotique pendant les trois années suivant un PEP sont d’environ 60 %, le problème d’adhésion au traitement étant la principale cause de ces rechutes. La population PEP se distingue par une plus grande propension aux effets indésirables, notamment la prise de poids et les réactions extrapyramidales. À l’exception des PEP résistants au traitement, aucune différence claire n’a été démontrée quant à l’efficacité des agents antipsychotiques, mais ils se distinguent quant à leurs effets indésirables et leurs modalités d’administration. À ce titre, l’utilisation des antipsychotiques à action prolongée (APAP) par voie intramusculaire injectable est supérieure aux agents par voie orale pour prévenir les rechutes. Si les lignes directrices recommandent le maintien du traitement pour 18 mois suivant l’atteinte de la rémission, ces recommandations reposent sur des données empiriques encore imprécises, rendant nécessaire le recours à une approche de décision partagée sur cette question. Dans le groupe des personnes n’obtenant pas une réponse satisfaisante après 2 essais d’antipsychotiques, la clozapine est efficace chez jusqu’à 80 % des personnes.
Conclusions La population PEP se distingue par un taux élevé de réponse, des rechutes fréquemment liées à la non-adhésion au traitement et une sensibilité accrue aux effets indésirables. L’ajustement personnalisé du traitement pharmacologique des PEP vise la rémission soutenue de toutes les dimensions des symptômes alliée à une gestion proactive des effets indésirables, y compris à travers une utilisation judicieuse des APAP et de la clozapine.
Mots-clés :
- psychopharmacologie,
- antipsychotiques,
- premier épisode psychotique,
- clozapine,
- antipsychotique injectable à action prolongée,
- rétablissement
Abstract
Objectives Individuals with first-episode psychosis (FEP) are poorly represented in clinical trials leading to drug approval. As a result, there is a relative paucity of empirical data to guide the psychopharmacological treatment of these youths. This article provides a synthesis of this literature, informed by the authors’ clinical experience in treating FEP over the past 25 years.
Methods This selective review of the literature focuses on the psychopharmacological treatment of FEP and includes both randomized trials and observational studies. It is organized around the following themes for FEP: response and remission rates; relapse rates; specifics regarding susceptibility to adverse events; comparisons of efficacy, safety and relapse prevention among various molecules and dosage forms; recommendations for duration of treatment; approach to treatment resistance; and use of clozapine. For each of these themes, research data are interpreted and supplemented by commentary based on the authors’ clinical experience, with a strong focus on the individual’s recovery.
Results Symptom remission is achieved in approximately 75% of individuals during the initial treatment of a FEP, its maintenance being a very strong predictor of functional recovery. The rate of psychotic relapse during the three years following a FEP is about 60%, the problem of adherence to treatment being the main cause of these relapses. The FEP population is distinguished by a greater propensity for adverse events, including weight gain and extrapyramidal reactions. With the exception of treatment-resistant FEP, no clear difference has been demonstrated in the efficacy of the various molecules, but they do differ in their adverse events profile and formulations. As such, the use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) is superior to oral agents in preventing relapse. While the guidelines recommend continued treatment for 18 months after remission is achieved, these recommendations are based on empirical data that are still unclear, necessitating the use of a shared-decision approach with the patient and his/her family. In the group of people who do not achieve a satisfactory response after two trials of antipsychotics, clozapine is effective in up to 80% of people.
Conclusions The FEP population is characterized by a high response rate, relapses frequently related to non-adherence to treatment, and increased susceptibility to adverse events. Tailoring pharmacological treatment for FEP aims at sustained remission of all symptom dimensions combined with proactive management of adverse events, including through judicious use of LAIs and clozapine.
Keywords:
- psychopharmacology,
- antipsychotics,
- first-episode psychosis,
- clozapine,
- long-acting injectable antipsychotics,
- recovery
Appendices
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