ror.org/002rjbv21
Abstracts
Résumé
Les personnes LGBTQ+ sont 1,5 à 4 fois plus à risque que les personnes hétérosexuelles de souffrir de troubles de santé mentale (p. ex. dépression, anxiété, comportements suicidaires).
Objectif L’objectif est de décrire le processus de développement d’une application mobile pour les jeunes LGBTQ+ et leur famille. L’article fait partie d’un programme de recherche ayant comme but général de doter les jeunes LGBTQ+ et leur famille d’outils technologiques leur permettant de développer et soutenir des stratégies d’adaptation face à la stigmatisation. En effet, ceux-ci sont confrontés à des stresseurs uniques, à la fois dans la sphère publique (p. ex. victimisation) et personnelle (p. ex. développement identitaire et le processus de coming out).
Méthode Nous adapterons l’application mobile +Fort © développée par l’équipe dirigée par de la docteure Isabelle Ouellet-Morin, conçue pour soutenir les jeunes vivant de l’intimidation à réduire ces expériences, et nous créerons +Fièr/+ Proud, qui fera l’objet d’un codesign et d’une étude pilote auprès de participants LGBTQ+ âgés de 13 à 25 ans.
Retombées À terme, notre espoir est que les jeunes LGBTQ+, à l’échelle nationale et internationale, puissent explorer et développer des stratégies d’adaptation soutenant leur mieux-être, apprendre à l’aide d’outils personnalisés, partager leurs expériences uniques et informer leurs proches des défis auxquels ils font face et se battent en silence.
Mots-clés :
- nouvelles technologies,
- LGBTQ+,
- jeunes,
- stigmatisation,
- victimisation,
- résilience
Abstract
LGBTQ+ people are anywhere from 1.5 to 4 times more likely than heterosexual people to report depression, anxiety, suicidal behaviors, substance abuse, eating disorders, risky sexual behaviors, homelessness, and victimization.
Objective The purpose is to describe the development of a mobile application for LGBTQ youth and their family. This article is part of a research program intended to equip LGBTQ+ youth and their families with technological tools to help them foster adaptive strategies in the face of stigma. LGBTQ+ youth face unique stressors both publicly (e.g. victimization) as well as personally (e.g. identity development and “coming out” process).
Method We build upon Isabelle Ouellet-Morin’s team +Fort: Stronger than Bullying © mobile application designed to reduce victimization among youth. We will create a new app called +Fièr/+Proud, to be designed and piloted in collaboration with LGBTQ+ participants ages 13-25 and their families.
Impact Our hope is to bring LGBTQ+ youth together nationally and internationally to explore health promoting coping strategies, learn from custom training modules, share their unique experiences, and help inform parents of the experiences that LGBTQ+ people often face and fight in silence.
Keywords:
- new technologies,
- LGBTQ+,
- youth,
- stigmatization,
- victimization,
- resilience
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Abreu, R. L., Black, W. W., Mosley, D. V. et Fedewa, A. L. (2016). LGBTQ youth bullying experiences in schools : The role of school counselors within a system of oppression. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 11(3-4), 325-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/15401383.2016.121409210.1080/15401383.2016.1214092 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Abreu, R. L. et Kenny, M. C. (2018). Cyberbullying and LGBTQ youth : A systematic literature review and recommendations for prevention and intervention. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 11(1), 81-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-017-0175-710.1007/s40653-017-0175-7 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ahuja, A., Webster, C., Gibson, N., Brewer, A., Toledo, S. et Russell, S. (2015). Bullying and suicide : The mental health crisis of LGBTQ youth and how you can help. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 19(2), 125-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2015.100741710.1080/19359705.2015.1007417 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Attwood, G. et Croll, P. (2006). Truancy in secondary school pupils : Prevalence, trajectories and pupil perspectives. Research Papers in Education, 21(4), 467-484. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267152060094244610.1080/02671520600942446 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bauer, G. R., Braimoh, J., Scheim, A. I. et Dharma, C. (2017). Transgender-inclusive measures of sex/gender for population surveys : Mixedmethods evaluation and recommendations. PLoS ONE, 12(5), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.017804310.1371/journal.pone.0178043 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bem, S. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(2), 155. https://doi.org/10.1037/h003621510.1037/h0036215 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Beyond Bullying. (2020). Transphobic Bullying. https://www.beyondbullying.com/transphobic-bullyingGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bowes, L., Maughan, B., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E. et Arseneault, L. (2010). Families promote emotional and behavioural resilience to bullying : Evidence of an environmental effect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 51(7), 809-817. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02216.x10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02216.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Boyce, W. F. (2004). Young people in Canada : their health and well-being. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/hp-ps/dca-dea/publications/hbsc-2004/index-eng.php10.1037/e615182012-001 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bradford, K., Wade Stewart, J., Higginbotham, B. J. et Skogrand, L. (2015). The perceived relationship knowledge scale : An initial validation. Family Relations. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.1211610.1037/t45380-000 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., Bukowski, W. M., Dionne, G., Tremblay, R. E. et Boivin, M. (2013). Can friends protect genetically vulnerable children from depression ? Development and Psychopathology, 25(2), 277-289. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457941200105810.1017/S0954579412001058 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Candace, C., Roberts, C., Morgan, A., Smith, R., Wolfgang Settertobulte, O. S. et Barnekow Rasmussen, V. (2004). Young people’s health in context : Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study : international report from the 2001/2002 survey. https://www.euro.who.int/en/publications/abstracts/young-peoples-health-in-context.-health-behaviour-in-school-aged-children-hbsc-study-international-report-from-the-20012002-surveyGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Colodro-Conde, L., Couvey-Duchesne, B., Zhu, G., Coventrry, W. L., Byrne, E. M., Gordon, S., Wright, M. J., Montgomery, G. W., Madden, P. A., Ripke, S., Eaves, L. J., Heath, A. C., Wray, N. R., Medland, S. E. et Martin, N. G. (2018). A direct test of the diathesis–stress model for depression. J Autism Dev Disord, 23(7), 1590-1596. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.13010.1038/mp.2017.130 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Craig, W. M., Pepler, D. et Atlas, R. (2000). Observations of Bullying in the Playground and in the Classroom. School Psychology International, 21(1), 22-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/014303430021100210.1177/0143034300211002 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Craig, W. M. et Pepler, D. J. (2007). Understanding bullying : From research to practice. Canadian Psychology, 48(2), 86-93. https://doi.org/10.1037/cp200701010.1037/cp2007010 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Delgado, I. R. (2011). Bridging the gap : Relational Aggression in the college environment [City University of New York]. In A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Educational Psychology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. https://doi.org/10.4018/jsds.2010103001Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Dishion, T. J., McCord, J. et Poulin, F. (1999). When interventions harm : Peer groups and problem behavior. American Psychologist. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.9.75510.1037/0003-066X.54.9.755 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- DuBois, L. Z. et Juster, R. P. (2019). Geopolitical and psychosocial indicators of perceived distress, mental health, and allostatic load among transgender men. Psychosomatic Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000699Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Espelage, D. L. et Swearer, S. M. (2008). Addressing research gaps in the intersection between homophobia and bullying. School Psychology Review, 37(2), 155-159.10.1080/02796015.2008.12087890 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Espelage, D. L., Valido, A., Hatchel, T., Ingram, K. M., Huang, Y. et Torgal, C. (2018). A literature review of protective factors associated with homophobic bullying and its consequences among children & adolescents. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45, 98-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.07.00310.1016/j.avb.2018.07.003 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Espelage, D. L., Valido, A., Hatchel, T., Ingram, K. M., Huang, Y. et Torgal, C. (2019). A literature review of protective factors associated with homophobic bullying and its consequences among children & adolescents. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45(September), 98-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.07.00310.1016/j.avb.2018.07.003 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Furman, W. et Buhrmester, D. (1992). Age and Sex Differences in Perceptions of Networks of Personal Relationships. Child Development. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03599.x10.2307/1130905 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Garaigordobil, M. et Larrain, E. (2020). Acoso y ciberacoso en adolescentes LGTB : Prevalencia y efectos en la salud mental. Comunicar : Revista Científica Iberoamericana de Educación y Comunicación, XXVIII(62), 79-90. https://doi.org/10.3916/C62-2020-0710.3916/C62-2020-07 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Garnefski, N. et Kraaij, V. (2014). Bully victimization and emotional problems in adolescents : Moderation by specific cognitive coping strategies ? Journal of Adolescence, 37(7), 1153-1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.07.00510.1016/j.adolescence.2014.07.005 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Genest, C., Moore, M. et Nowicke, C. M. (2017). Posttraumatic growth after suicide. In Postvention in action : The international handbook of suicide bereavement support. (pp. 50-59). Hogrefe Publishing.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Geoffroy, M. C., Boivin, M., Arseneault, L., Renaud, J., Perret, L. C., Turecki, G., Michel, G., Salla, J., Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., Tremblay, R. E. et Côté, S. M. (2018). Childhood trajectories of peer victimization and prediction of mental health outcomes in midadolescence : a longitudinal population-based study. CMAJ. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.17021910.1503/cmaj.170219 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- GLSEN. (2007). Gay-Straight Alliances : Creating Safer Schools for LGBT Students and Their Allies.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Goodenow, C., Szalacha, L. et Westheimer, K. (2006). School support groups, other school factors, and the safety of sexual minority adolescents. In Psychology in the Schools. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.2017310.1002/pits.20173 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hanish, L. D. et Guerra, N. G. (2000). Children who het victimized at school : What is known ? What can be done ? Professional School Counseling, 4(2), 113-119. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv47w28s.20Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Birkett, M., Wagenen, A. Van et Meyer, I. H. (2014). Protective School Climates and Reduced Risk for Suicide Ideation in Sexual Minority Youths. American Journal of Public Health, 104(2), 279-286. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.30150810.2105/AJPH.2013.301508 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hong, J. S. et Garbarino, J. (2012). Risk and Protective Factors for Homophobic Bullying in Schools : An Application of the Social-Ecological Framework. Educational Psychology Review, 24(2), 271-285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-012-9194-y10.1007/s10648-012-9194-y Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hudson, C. C., Lambe, L., Pepler, D. J. et Craig, W. M. (2016). Coping While Connected : The Association Among Cybervictimization, Privacy Settings, and Reporting Tools in Youth. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 31(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/082957351561962310.1177/0829573515619623 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Jacobs, N. C. L., Dehue, F., Völlink, T. et Lechner, L. (2014). Determinants of adolescents’ ineffective and improved coping with cyberbullying : A Delphi study. Journal of Adolescence, 37(4), 373-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.02.01110.1016/j.adolescence.2014.02.011 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Jacobs, N. C., Völlink, T., Dehue, F. et Lechner, L. (2014). Online Pestkoppenstoppen : Systematic and theory-based development of a web-based tailored intervention for adolescent cyberbully victims to combat and prevent cyberbullying. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-39610.1186/1471-2458-14-396 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Johnson, J., Greaves, L. et Repta, R. (2007). Better Science With Sex and Gender : A Primer for Health Research. In A Primer for Health Research. http://people.stfx.ca/accamero/genderandhealth/HealthResearch/better-science-with-sex-and-gender-a-primer.pdfGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Poskiparta, E. et Salmivalli, C. (2010). Vulnerable children in varying classroom contexts bystanders’ behaviors moderate the effects of risk factors on victimization. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56(3), 261-282. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.0.005210.1353/mpq.0.0052 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kosciw, J. G., Palmer, N. A. et Kull, R. M. (2015). Reflecting resiliency : openness about sexual orientation and/or gender identity and its relationship to well-being and educational outcomes for LGBT students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(1-2), 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-014-9642-610.1007/s10464-014-9642-6 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kowalski, R., Limber, S. et Agatston, P. (2012). Cyber Bullying : Bullying in the Digital Age. American Journal of Psychiatry – AMER J PSYCHIAT, 165. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470694176Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kumpulainen, K., Räsänen, E., Henttonen, I., Almqvist, F., Kresanov, K., Linna, S. L., Moilanen, I., Piha, J., Puura, K. et Tamminen, T. (1998). Bullying and psychiatric symptoms among elementary school-age children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22(7), 705-717. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00049-010.1016/S0145-2134(98)00049-0 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lazarus, R. et Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal and Coping. In Springer Publishing Company.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- McCormick, M. (2016). Bullying experiences and resilience in LGBTQ youth. [Dissertations]. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3485&context=dissertationsGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Menesini, E., Modena, M. et Tani, F. (2009). Bullying and victimization in adolescence : Concurrent and stable roles and psychological health symptoms. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 170(2), 115-134. https://doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.170.2.115-13410.3200/GNTP.170.2.115-134 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Meyer, E. J. (2008). Gendered harassment in secondary schools : Understanding teachers’ (non) interventions. Gender and Education, 20(6), 555-570. https://doi.org/10.1080/0954025080221311510.1080/09540250802213115 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mitchell, K. J. et Finkelhor, D. (2004). Victimization of Youths on the Internet. Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma, January, 1-39. https://doi.org/10.1300/J146v08n01_0110.1300/J146v08n01_01 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Moran, T. E., Chen, C. Y.-C. et Tryon, G. S. (2018). Bully victimization, depression, and the role of protective factors among college LGBTQ students. Journal of Community Psychology, 46(7), 871-884. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.2197810.1002/jcop.21978 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Moss, E., Bureau, J. F., Béliveau, M. J., Zdebik, M. et Lépine, S. (2009). Links between children’s attachment behavior at early school-age, their attachment-related representations, and behavior problems in middle childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33(2), 155-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/016502540809801210.1177/0165025408098012 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Nansel, T. R., Craig, W., Overpeck, M. D., Saluja, G. et Ruan, W. J. (2004). Cross-national consistency in the relationship between bullying behaviors and psychosocial adjustment. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 158(8), 730-736. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.158.8.73010.1001/archpedi.158.8.730 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Olweus, D. (1978). Aggression in the schools : Bullies and whipping boys. In Aggression in the schools : Bullies and whipping boys. (pp. xiii, 218–xiii, 218). Hemisphere.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ortega-Ruiz, R., Elipe, P., Mora-Merchán, J. et Calmaestra, J. (2009). The emotional impact on victims of traditional bullying and cyberbullying : A study of Spanish adolescents. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 217(4), 197-204. https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.19710.1027/0044-3409.217.4.197 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ouellet-Morin, I. et Robitaille, M.-P. (2017). Stronger than Bullying, a mobile application for victims of bullying : Development and initial steps toward validation. In M. Campbell et S. Bauman (Eds.), Reducing Cyberbullying in Schools : International Evidence-Based Best Practices (pp. 1-290). Academic Press.10.1016/B978-0-12-811423-0.00012-2 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Paillé, P. (1996). De l’analyse qualitative en général et de l’analyse thématique en particulier. Recherches Qualitatives.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Perret, L. C., Orri, M., Boivin, M., Ouellet-Morin, I., Denault, A. S., Côté, S. M., Tremblay, R. E., Renaud, J., Turecki, G. et Geoffroy, M. C. (2020). Cybervictimization in adolescence and its association with subsequent suicidal ideation/attempt beyond face-to-face victimization : a longitudinal population-based study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.1315810.1111/jcpp.13158 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Pullen Sansfacon, A., Gelly, M., Faddoul, M. et OJ., L. (n.d.). Soutien et non soutien parental des jeunes trans : vers une compréhension nuancée des formes de soutien et des attentes des jeunes trans. Revue Internationale Enfances Familles Générations.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Québec. (2020). Identité de genre et orientation sexuelle. Conséquences Des Stéréotypes Sur Le Développement. https://www.quebec.ca/famille-et-soutien-aux-personnes/developpement-des-enfants/consequences-stereotypes-developpement/identite-genre-orientation-sexuelle/Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Richard, G. (2015). The Pedagogical Practices of Québec High School Teachers Relative to Sexual Diversity. Journal of LGBT Youth, 12(2), 113-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2014.96986610.1080/19361653.2014.969866 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Rigby, K. (1998). The relationship between reported health and involvement in bully/victim problems among male and female secondary schoolchildren. Journal of Health Psychology, 3(4), 465-476. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053980030040210.1177/135910539800300402 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Rigby, K. (2003). Consequences of Bullying in Schools. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48(9), 583-590. https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437030480090410.1177/070674370304800904 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., Hunter, J. et Braun, L. (2006). Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths : Consistency and change over time. Journal of Sex Research, 43(1), 46-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022449060955229810.1080/00224490609552298 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ross-Reed, D. E., Reno, J., Peñaloza, L., Green, D. e FitzGerald, C. (2019). Family, school, and peer support are associated with rates of violence victimization and self-harm among gender minority and cisgender youth. In Journal of Adolescent Health (Vol. 65, Issue 6, pp. 776-783). Elsevier Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.07.01310.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.07.013 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Rudolph, K. D., Troop-Gordon, W., Monti, J. D. et Miernicki, M. E. (2014). Moving against and away from the world : The adolescent legacy of peer victimization. Development and Psychopathology, 26(3), 721-734. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457941400034010.1017/S0954579414000340 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Salmivalli, C., Voeten, M. et Poskiparta, E. (2011). Bystanders matter : Associations between reinforcing, defending, and the frequency of bullying behavior in classrooms. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40(5), 668-676. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2011.59709010.1080/15374416.2011.597090 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Sansfaçon, A. P., Hébert, W., Lee, E. O. J., Faddoul, M., Tourki, D. et Bellot, C. (2018). Digging beneath the surface : Results from stage one of a qualitative analysis of factors influencing the well-being of trans youth in Quebec. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(2), 184-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.144606610.1080/15532739.2018.1446066 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Schriber, S., Horn, S. S., Peter, C., Bellinger, L. B. et Fischer, D. (2017). Supporting LGB/T youth : Comprehensive school transformation as effective bullying prevention. In Sexual orientation, gender identity, and schooling : The nexus of research, practice, and policy. (pp. 75-96). Oxford University Press.10.1093/med:psych/9780199387656.003.0005 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Slonje, R., Smith, P. K. et Frisén, A. (2013). The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.02410.1016/j.chb.2012.05.024 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Smith, J. R. (2008). Lessons in learning. In Lessons in Learning. https://doi.org/10.1109/MMUL.2013.39Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Taylor, C. T., Peter, T., McMinn, T. L., Elliott, T., Beldom, S., Ferry, A., Gross, Z., Paquin, S. et Schachter, K. (2011). Every Class in Every School : The first national climate survey on homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia in Canadian schools. Final Report.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Thornberg, R. et Jungert, T. (2013). Bystander behavior in bullying situations : basic moral sensitivity, moral disengagement and defender self-efficacy. Journal of Adolescence, 36(3), 475-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.02.00310.1016/j.adolescence.2013.02.003 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Toomey, R. B., McGuire, J. K. et Russell, S. T. (2012). Heteronormativity, school climates, and perceived safety for gender nonconforming peers. Journal of Adolescence, 35(1), 187-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.03.00110.1016/j.adolescence.2011.03.001 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ttofi, M. M. et Farrington, D. P. (2011). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying : A systematic and meta-analytic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(1), 27-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-010-9109-110.1007/s11292-010-9109-1 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Tucker, J. S., Ewing, Brett, A., Espelage, D. L., Green, H. D., de la Haye, K. et Pollard, M. S. (2016). Longitudinal Associations of Homophobic Name-Calling Victimization with Psychological Distress and Alcohol Use during Adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(1), 110-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.03.018.Longitudinal10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.03.018 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Varjas, K., Talley, J., Meyers, J., Parris, L. et Cutts, H. (2010). High school students’ perceptions of motivations for cyberbullying : an exploratory study. The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 11(3), 269-273. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20882148%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2941365Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Webb, M., Burns, J. et Collin, P. (2008). Providing online support for young people with mental health difficulties : Challenges and opportunities explored. Early Intervention in Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2008.00066.x10.1111/j.1751-7893.2008.00066.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Wiederhold, B. K. (2014). Cyberbullying and LGBTQ youth : A deadly combination. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(9), 569-570. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.152110.1089/cyber.2014.1521 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Woodford, M. R., Weber, G., Nicolazzo, Z., Hunt, R., Kulick, A., Coleman, T., Coulombe, S. et Renn, K. A. (2018). Depression and attempted suicide among LGBTQ college students : Fostering resilience to the effects of heterosexism and cisgenderism on campus. Journal of College Student Development, 59(4), 421-438. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2018.004010.1353/csd.2018.0040 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K. J., Palmer, N. A. et Reisner, S. L. (2015). Online social support as a buffer against online and offline peer and sexual victimization among U.S. LGBT and non-LGBT youth. Child Abuse and Neglect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.08.00610.1016/j.chiabu.2014.08.006 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ybarra, M. L. et Suman, M. (2006). Help seeking behavior and the Internet : A national survey. International Journal of Medical Informatics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2005.07.02910.1016/j.ijmedinf.2005.07.029 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar