Abstracts
Résumé
Objectifs Cette revue trouve sa motivation dans l’observation que la prise de décision clinique en santé mentale est limitée par la nature des mesures typiquement obtenues lors de l’entretien clinique et la difficulté des cliniciens à produire des prédictions justes sur les états mentaux futurs des patients. L’objectif est de présenter un survol représentatif du potentiel du phénotypage digital couplé à l’apprentissage automatique pour répondre à cette limitation, tout en en soulignant les faiblesses actuelles.
Méthode Au travers d’une revue narrative de la littérature non systématique, nous identifions les avancées technologiques qui permettent de quantifier, instant après instant et dans le milieu de vie naturel, le phénotype humain au moyen du téléphone intelligent dans diverses populations psychiatriques. Des travaux pertinents sont également sélectionnés afin de déterminer l’utilité et les limitations de l’apprentissage automatique pour guider les prédictions et la prise de décision clinique. Finalement, la littérature est explorée pour évaluer les barrières actuelles à l’adoption de tels outils.
Résultats Bien qu’émergeant d’un champ de recherche récent, de très nombreux travaux soulignent déjà la valeur des mesures extraites des senseurs du téléphone intelligent pour caractériser le phénotype humain dans les sphères comportementale, cognitive, émotionnelle et sociale, toutes étant affectées par les troubles mentaux. L’apprentissage automatique permet d’utiles et justes prédictions cliniques basées sur ces mesures, mais souffre d’un manque d’interprétabilité qui freinera son emploi prochain dans la pratique clinique. Du reste, plusieurs barrières identifiées tant du côté du patient que du clinicien freinent actuellement l’adoption de ce type d’outils de suivi et d’aide à la décision clinique.
Conclusion Le phénotypage digital couplé à l’apprentissage automatique apparaît fort prometteur pour améliorer la pratique clinique en santé mentale. La jeunesse de ces nouveaux outils technologiques requiert cependant un nécessaire processus de maturation qui devra être encadré par les différents acteurs concernés pour que ces promesses puissent être pleinement réalisées.
Mots-clés :
- apprentissage automatique,
- apprentissage profond,
- décision clinique,
- nouvelles technologies,
- phénotypage digital,
- prédiction,
- pronostic,
- psychiatrie,
- psychologie,
- téléphone intelligent
Abstract
Objectives This review is motivated by the observation that clinical decision-making in mental health is limited by the nature of the measures obtained in conventional clinical interviews and the difficulty for clinicians to make accurate predictions about their patients’ future mental states. Our objective is to offer a representative overview of the potential of digital phenotyping coupled with machine learning to address this limitation, while highlighting its own current weaknesses.
Methods Through a non-systematic narrative review of the literature, we identify the technological developments that make it possible to quantify, moment by moment and in ecologically valid settings, the human phenotype in various psychiatric populations using the smartphone. Relevant work is also selected in order to determine the usefulness and limitations of machine learning to guide predictions and clinical decision-making. Finally, the literature is explored to assess current barriers to the adoption of such tools.
Results Although emerging from a recent field of research, a large body of work already highlights the value of measurements extracted from smartphone sensors in characterizing the human phenotype in behavioral, cognitive, emotional and social spheres that are all impacted by mental disorders. Machine learning permits useful and accurate clinical predictions based on such measures, but suffers from a lack of interpretability that will hamper its use in clinical practice in the near future. Moreover, several barriers identified both on the patient and clinician sides currently hamper the adoption of this type of monitoring and clinical decision support tools.
Conclusion Digital phenotyping coupled with machine learning shows great promise for improving clinical practice in mental health. However, the youth of these new technological tools requires a necessary maturation process to be guided by the various concerned actors so that these promises can be fully realized.
Keywords:
- clinical decision,
- deep learning,
- digital phenotyping,
- machine learning,
- new technology,
- prediction,
- prognosis,
- psychiatry,
- psychology,
- smartphone
Appendices
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