Abstracts
Résumé
Les chercheurs ont depuis longtemps reconnu l’hétérogénéité des individus présentant des comportements antisociaux et violents. Or, l’étude de la personnalité psychopathique (ou psychopathie), par l’examen de ses différentes facettes, peut aider à mieux comprendre cette hétérogénéité. Plus particulièrement, la distinction entre les corrélats des traits interpersonnels et affectifs (Facteur 1) et ceux des traits impulsifs et antisociaux (Facteur 2) de la psychopathie suggère l’existence d’au moins deux trajectoires pouvant mener aux comportements antisociaux. Basée sur diverses études en neurosciences cognitives et affectives, nous proposons une revue ciblée, non exhaustive, des travaux identifiant les mécanismes biopsychologiques impliqués dans ces deux trajectoires, avec une attention particulière accordée aux études utilisant la méthode des potentiels évoqués (PE). Plus spécifiquement, nous présentons une série d’études portant sur les processus cognitifs et affectifs permettant de distinguer, parmi un groupe de délinquants, ceux ayant des traits psychopathiques élevés, en mettant en évidence les altérations des interactions entre émotion et cognition associées à chaque facteur de la psychopathie. L’ensemble de ces résultats mène aux conclusions suivantes. Le Facteur 1, associé à une réponse émotionnelle diminuée exacerbée par des anomalies attentionnelles, correspond à un profil de délinquance caractérisé par des conduites délibérées et une insensibilité émotionnelle. À l’opposé, le Facteur 2 comporte des dérégulations émotionnelles et comportementales, de même que des troubles de contrôle cognitif, particulièrement en contexte émotionnel. Les implications de l’identification de ces processus étiologiques seront ensuite présentées dans la perspective d’une meilleure compréhension des comportements violents et antisociaux.
Mots-clés :
- psychopathie,
- émotion,
- cognition,
- potentiels évoqués cognitifs
Abstract
Researchers have long acknowledged heterogeneity among persons who exhibit antisocial and violent behaviours. The study of psychopathic personality or psychopathy can help elucidate this heterogeneity through examination of the different facets that constitute this disorder. In particular, the distinct correlates of the interpersonal-affective traits (Factor 1) and the impulsive-antisocial traits (Factor 2) of psychopathy suggest at least two possible pathways to antisocial behaviours. Building on basic studies in cognitive and affective neuroscience, we provide a focused, non-comprehensive review of work identifying the biopsychological mechanisms involved in these two pathways, with special attention to studies using event-related potential (ERP) methods. In specific, a series of studies are discussed which examined affective and cognitive processes that may distinguish offenders high on psychopathic traits from other offenders, with emphasis on alterations in emotion-cognition interactions related to each factor of psychopathy. The set of findings reviewed highlight a central conclusion: Factor 1 represents a pathway involving reduced emotional responding, exacerbated by attentional abnormalities, that make for a more deliberate and emotionally insensitive offender profile. In contrast, Factor 2 characterizes a pathway marked by emotional and behavioural dysregulation and cognitive control dysfunctions, particularly in emotional contexts. Implications for identifying etiological processes and the further understanding of antisocial and violent behaviours are discussed.
Keywords:
- psychopathy,
- emotion,
- cognition,
- ERP
Appendices
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