Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article fournit un survol de la logique de l’intervention précoce pour psychose, de ses fondements théoriques et de la littérature essentielle sur le concept. L’intervention précoce repose sur l’hypothèse de la période critique, qui vient accentuer l’importance des premiers stades de la maladie, et sur les résultats d’études dans le domaine, qui suggère que la durée d’une psychose non traitée en influence le pronostic. L’intervention précoce facilite l’accès à un traitement spécialisé adapté à la phase de la maladie par un processus de recommandations médicales plus ouvert, des délais rapides et l’éducation du public et des praticiens sur la psychose. L’intervention précoce, qui dure généralement deux ans à partir du dépistage, comprend une prise en charge intensive et des médicaments antipsychotiques à faible dose. L’accent est mis sur le fonctionnement social, l’intervention familiale, l’attention précoce aux troubles connexes ainsi qu’une alliance thérapeutique entre le jeune et sa famille. Selon les données scientifiques disponibles, une telle intervention donne de meilleurs résultats que les soins typiquement offerts. Les critiques du concept visent la qualité des études en sa faveur, sa mise en oeuvre, la répartition des ressources en intervention précoce et son utilité pour les personnes présentant un risque élevé de psychose. En termes de disponibilité et d’élaboration de politiques en intervention précoce, le Royaume-Uni détient une avance certaine, alors que le Canada se situe au milieu, et les États-Unis au bas de l’échelle. Au Québec, les résultats varient et d’autres études et investissements sont nécessaires. Récemment, le concept d’intervention précoce a servi d’exemple à des mesures plus importantes visant la transformation des soins de santé mentale des jeunes, ce qui constitue une toute nouvelle percée au Canada.
Mots-clés :
- intervention précoce,
- psychose,
- premier épisode de psychose,
- schizophrénie,
- santé mentale des jeunes
Abstract
Objectives: This paper seeks to provide an overview of the motives, rationale, theoretical underpinnings and foundational literature of the early intervention movement for psychoses. It also seeks to review the current status of the field, highlight its significant developments and identify its emergent trends.
Methods: This paper begins by contextualizing the burden of psychosis. It then traces the origins of the early intervention movement and surveys the seminal literature that established and shapes the field. It describes the movement’s characteristic elements, types, approaches, strengths, criticisms and trajectories in select Western nations. It closes with a presentation of how the early intervention movement is informing broader endeavours to transform youth mental health.
Results: We find that the early intervention movement is predicated on the critical period hypothesis that emphasizes the significance of the early stages of the illness; and on findings that the duration of untreated psychosis influences prognoses. Early intervention redresses this situation by facilitating access to specialized, phase-specific treatment. Access is enhanced through open referral, fast response times, and public and practitioner education. Ideally, the intervention, provided for the first two years after detection, features intensive case management; low-dose antipsychotic medication; an emphasis on social functioning; family intervention; early attention to comorbid concerns; and due regard for the needs and priorities of youth and their families. Evidence suggests that specialized early intervention yields better outcomes than routine care. The cost-effectiveness of such services has not yet been definitely investigated. Criticisms of early intervention pertain to the quality of evidence for, the manner of implementation of, the allocation of resources to early intervention and its utility for persons at high risk for developing psychosis. We also identify advocacy within the field for extending early intervention to the first five years of the course of psychosis.
Conclusion: We conclude that the status of the early intervention movement (in terms of availability and policy) in Western public healthcare systems can be resolved into a spectrum. The United Kingdom is shown to be the leader while Canada appears at the middle of the spectrum (with the United States bringing up the rear). In the Quebec context, the picture is found to be mixed and recommendations for further research and investment are made. Finally, an examination is undertaken of how the early intervention for psychosis movement has provided the impetus for and dovetails into the larger effort to transform youth mental healthcare in general, a development that is in its nascent stages in Canada.
Keywords:
- Early intervention,
- psychosis,
- first-episode psychosis,
- schizophrenia,
- youth mental health
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Addington, J., van Mastrigt, S., & Addington, D. (2003). Patterns of premorbid functioning in first-episode psychosis : initial presentation. Schizophrenia Research, 62, 23-30.
- Amos, A. (2012). Assessing the cost of early intervention in psychosis : A systematic review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 46(8), 719-734.
- Anderson, K., Fuhrer, R., & Malla, A. (2010). The pathways to mental health care of first-episode psychosis patients : A systematic review. Psychol Med, 40(10), 1585-1597.
- Anderson, K. K., Fuhrer, R., Abrahamowicz, M., & Malla, A. K. (2012). The incidence of first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum psychosis in adolescents and young adults in montreal : an estimate from an administrative claims database. Canadian journal of psychiatry, 57(10), 626-633.
- Andreasen, N. (1983). Scale for the assessment of negative symptoms (SANS).
- Andreasen, N. (1984). Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS).
- Andreasen, N., D., L., BA., Z., A., V., & B.C., H. (2013). Relapse duration, treatment intensity and Brain tissue loss in schizophrenia : A prospective longitudinal MRI study. Am J Psychiatry, 170, 609-615.
- Andresen, R., Oades, L., & Caputi, P. (2003). The experience of recovery from schizophrenia : towards an empirically validated stage model. Australasian Psychiatry, 37(5), 586-594.
- Association Québécoise Des Programmes Pour Premiers Épisodes Psychotique. (2014). Cliniques pour premiers épisodes psychotiques. Retrieved Mar 18, 2014, from http://aqppep.ca/cliniques.php#solu
- Baksheev, G. N., Allott, K., Jackson, H. J., McGorry, P. D., & Killackey, E. (2012). Predictors of vocational recovery among young people with first-episode psychosis : Findings from a randomized controlled trial. Psychiatric rehabilitation journal, 35(6), 421.
- Barnett, J., Salmond, C., Jones, P., & Sahakian, B. (2006). Cognitive reserve in neuropsychiatry. Psychological medicine, 36(8), 1053-1064.
- Bechard-Evans, L., Schmitz, N., Abadi, S., Joober, R., King, S., & Malla, A. (2007). Determinants of help-seeking and system related components of delay in the treatment of first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 96(1), 206-214.
- Beiser, M., Erickson, D., Fleming, J. A., & Iacono, W. G. (1993). Establishing the onset of psychotic illness. The American journal of psychiatry.
- Bergner, E., Leiner, A. S., Carter, T., Franz, L., Thompson, N. J., & Compton, M. T. (2008). The period of untreated psychosis before treatment initiation : a qualitative study of family members’ perspectives. Compr Psychiatry, 49(6), 530-536. doi : 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.02.010
- Bertelsen, M., Jeppesen, P., Petersen, L., Thorup, A., Øhlenschlaeger, J., le Quach, P., . . . Nordentoft, M. (2008). Five-year follow-up of a randomized multicenter trial of intensive early intervention vs standard treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness : the OPUS trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(7), 762-771.
- Bertolote, J., & McGorry, P. (2005). Early intervention and recovery for young people with early psychosis : consensus statement. British Journal of Psychiatry 187(48), s116-s119.
- Birchwood, M. (1998). New directions in the psychosocial approach to the psychoses. Journal of mental health, 7(2), 111-114.
- Birchwood, M., Connor, C., Lester, H., Patterson, P., Freemantle, N., Marshall, M., . . . Singh, S. P. (2013). Reducing duration of untreated psychosis : care pathways to early intervention in psychosis services. Br J Psychiatry, 203(1), 58-64. doi : 10.1192/bjp.bp.112.125500
- Birchwood, M., McGorry, P., & Jackson, H. (1997). Early intervention in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170(1), 2-11.
- Birchwood, S. M. Z. I. M. (2008). Early interventions in psychosis. Mental Health : From Policy to Practice, 137.
- Bodnar, M., Malla, A. K., Czechowska, Y., Benoit, A., Fathalli, F., Joober, R., & Lepage, M. (2010). Neural markers of remission in first-episode schizophrenia : a volumetric neuroimaging study of the hippocampus and amygdala. Schizophrenia research, 122(1), 72-80.
- Boonstra, N., Klaasen, R., Sytema, S., Marshall, M., De Haan, L., Wunderink, L., & Wiersma, D. (2012). Duration of untreated psychosis and negative symptoms – A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Schizophrenia Research, 142, 12-19.
- Bosanac, P., Patton, G., & Castle, D. (2010). Early intervention in psychotic disorders : faith before facts ? Psychological medicine, 40, 353-358.
- Boydell, J., Onwumere, J., Dutta, R., Bhavsar, V., Hill, N., Morgan, C., . . . Fearon, P. (2013). Caregiving in first-episode psychosis : social characteristics associated with perceived ‘burden’ and associations with compulsory treatment. Early Interv Psychiatry. doi : 10.1111/eip.12041
- Boydell, K. M., Gladstone, B. M., & Volpe, T. (2006). Understanding help seeking delay in the prodrome to first episode psychosis : a secondary analysis of the perspectives of young people. Psychiatric rehabilitation journal, 30(1), 54-60.
- Butzlaff, R. L., & Hooley, J. M. (1998). Expressed emotion and psychiatric relapse : a meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(6), 547-552.
- Canadian Consortium for Early Intervention in Psychosis. (2013). Retrieved Mar 18, 2014, from http://epicanada.org/
- Carpenter Jr, W. T., & Strauss, J. S. (1991). The prediction of outcome in schizophrenia IV : eleven-year follow-up of the Washington IPSS cohort. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 179(9), 517-525.
- Carr, V. J., Neil, A. L., Halpin, S. A., Holmes, S., & Lewin, T. J. (2003). Costs of schizophrenia and other psychoses in urban Australia : findings from the Low Prevalence (Psychotic) Disorders Study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 37(1), 31-40.
- Cassidy, C. M., Schmitz, N., Norman, R., Manchanda, R., & Malla, A. (2008). Long-term effects of a community intervention for early identification of first-episode psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 117(6), 440-448.
- Castle, D. (2011). Should early psychosis intervention be the focus for mental health services ? Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 17, 398-400.
- Castle, D. (2012). The truth, and nothing but the truth, about early intervention in psychosis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 46(1), 10-13.
- Chang, C.-K., Hayes, R. D., Perera, G., Broadbent, M. T., Fernandes, A. C., Lee, W. E., . . . Stewart, R. (2011). Life expectancy at birth for people with serious mental illness and other major disorders from a secondary mental health care case register in London. PloS one, 6(5), e19590.
- Chong, S.-A., Mythily, S., & Verma, S. (2005). Reducing the duration of untreated psychosis and changing help-seeking behaviour in Singapore. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40(8), 619-621.
- Clark, R. E., Teague, G. B., Ricketts, S. K., Bush, P. W., Xie, H., McGuire, T. G., . . . & Zubkoff, M. (1998). Cost-effectiveness of assertive community treatment versus standard case management for persons with co-occurring severe mental illness and substance use disorders. Health services research, 33(5 Pt 1), 1285.
- Corcoran, C., Gerson, R., Sills-Shahar, R., Nickou, C., McGlashan, T., Malaspina, D., & Davidson, L. (2007). Trajectory to a first episode of psychosis : a qualitative research study with families. Early intervention in psychiatry, 1(4), 308-315.
- Craig, T., Garety, P., Power, G., Rahaman, N., Colbert, S., Fornells-Ambrojo, M., & Dunn, G. (2004). The Lambeth Early Onset (LEO) Team : randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of specialised care for early psychosis. BMJ. doi : 10.1136/bmj.38246.594873.7C
- Eack, S. M., Hogarty, G. E., Cho, R. Y., Prasad, K. M., Greenwald, D. P., Hogarty, S. S., & Keshavan, M. S. (2010). Neuroprotective effects of cognitive enhancement therapy against gray matter loss in early schizophrenia : results from a 2-year randomized controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(7), 674.
- Eaton, W. W., Thara, R., Federman, B., Melton, B., & Liang, K.-y. (1995). Structure and course of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(2), 127-134.
- Fava, G., & Kellner, R. (1993). Staging : a neglected dimension in psychiatric classification. Acta Psychiatr Scand 87, 225-230.
- Fazel, S., Gulati, G., Linsell, L., Geddes, J., & Grann, M. (2009). Schizophrenia and violence : systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS Med, 6(9).
- Foley, D. L., & Morley, K. I. (2011). Systematic review of early cardiometabolic outcomes of the first treated episode of psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(6), 609-616.
- Francey, S. M., Nelson, B., Thompson, A., Parker, A. G., Kerr, M., Macneil, C., . . . & McGorry, P. D. (2010). Who needs antipsychotic medication in the earliest stages of psychosis ? A reconsideration of benefits, risks, neurobiology and ethics in the era of early intervention. Schizophrenia research, 119(1), 1-10.
- Fusar-Poli, P., Bonoldi, I., Yung, A., Borgwardt, S., Kempton, M. J., Valmaggia, L., . . . McGuire, P. (2012). Predicting Psychosis. ARCH GEN Psychiatry, 69(2), 220-229.
- Fusar-Poli, P., Borgwardt, S., Bechdolf, A., Addington, J., Riecher-Ro¨ssler, A., Schultze-Lutter, F., . . . Yung, A. (2013). The Psychosis High-Risk State. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(1), 107-120.
- Garety, P. A., Craig, T. K., Dunn, G., Fornells-Ambrojo, M., Colbert, S., Rahaman, N., . . . Power, P. (2006). Specialised care for early psychosis : symptoms, social functioning and patient satisfaction Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 188(1), 37-45.
- Grawe, R. W., Falloon, I. R., Widen, J. H., & Skogvoll, E. (2006). Two years of continued early treatment for recent-onset schizophrenia : a randomised controlled study. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 114(5), 328-336.
- Harrison, G., Hopper, K., Craig, T., Laska, E., Siegel, C., Wanderling, J., . . . Der Heiden, W. A. (2001). Recovery from psychotic illness : a 15-and 25-year international follow-up study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 178(6), 506-517.
- Harvey, P. O., Lepage, M., & Malla, A. (2007). Benefits of Enriched Intervention Compared With Standard Care for Patients With Recent-Onset Psychosis : A Metaanalytic Approach. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 52(7).
- Hastrup, L. H., Kronborg, C., Bertelsen, M., Jeppesen, P., Jorgensen, P., Petersen, L., . . . Nordentoft, M. (2013). Cost-effectiveness of early intervention in first-episode psychosis : economic evaluation of a randomised controlled trial (the OPUS study). The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(1), 35-41.
- Hogarty, G. E., Anderson, C. M., Reiss, D. J., Kornblith, S. J., Greenwald, D. P., Ulrich, R. F., & Carter, M. (1991). Family psychoeducation, social skills training, and maintenance chemotherapy in the aftercare treatment of schizophrenia : II. Two-year effects of a controlled study on relapse and adjustment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48(4), 340-347.
- Hor, K., & Taylor, M. (2010). Suicide and schizophrenia : a systematic review of rates and risk factors. J Psychopharmacol 24, 81-90.
- Hutton, P., & Taylor, P. J. (2014). Cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis prevention : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological medicine, 44(3), 449-458.
- Jääskeläinen, E., Juola, P., Hirvonen, N., McGrath, J. J., Saha, S., Isohanni, M., . . . & Miettunen, J. (2013). A systematic review and meta-analysis of recovery in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin, 39(6), 1296-1306.
- Jacobson, N., & Greenley, D. (2001). What is recovery ? A conceptual model and explication. Psychiatric Services, 52(4), 482-485.
- Joa, I., Johannessen, J. O., Auestad, B., Friis, S., McGlashan, T., Melle, I., . . . Larsen, T. K. (2008). The key to reducing duration of untreated first psychosis : information campaigns. Schizophr Bull, 34(3), 466-472.
- Johannessen, J. O., McGlashan, T. H., Larsen, T. K., Horneland, M., Joa, I., Mardal, S., . . . Vaglum, P. (2001). Early detection strategies for untreated first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res, 51(1), 39-46.
- Jørgensen, P., Nordentoft, M., Abel, M., Gouliaev, G., Jeppesen, P., & Kassow, P. (2000). Early detection and assertive community treatment of young psychotics : the Opus Study Rationale and design of the trial. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 35(7), 283-287.
- Joseph, R., & Birchwood, M. (2005). The national policy reforms for mental health services and the story of early intervention services in the United Kingdom. Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience, 30(5).
- Kasai, K., Shenton, M. E., Salisbury, D. F., Hirayasu, Y., Lee, C.-U., Ciszewski, A. A., . . . McCarley, R. W. (2003). Progressive decrease of left superior temporal gyrus gray matter volume in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(1), 156-164.
- Keshavan, M. S., DeLisi, L. E., & Seidman, L. J. (2011). Early and broadly defined psychosis risk mental states. Schizophrenia Research, 126(1), 1-10.
- Killackey, E., Jackson, H. J., & McGorry, P. D. (2008). Vocational intervention in first-episode psychosis : individual placement and support v. treatment as usual. The British journal of psychiatry, 193(2), 114-120.
- Knapp, M., Patel, A., Curran, C., Latimer, E., Catty, J., Becker, T., . . . & Burns, T. (2013). Supported employment : Cost-effectiveness across six european sites. World Psychiatry, 12(1), 60-68.
- Koenen, K., Moffitt, T., Roberts, A., Martin, L., Kubzansky, L., Harrington, H., . . . Caspi, A. (2009). Childhood IQ and adult mental disorders : a test of the cognitive reserve hypothesis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(1), 50-57.
- Koskinen, J., Lohonen, J., Koponen, H., Isohanni, M., & Miettunen, J. (2009). Prevalence of alcohol use disorders in schizophrenia--a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 120, 85-96.
- Kristev, H., Carbone, S., Harrigan, S. M., Curry, C., Elkins, K., & McGorry, P. D. (2004). Early intervention in first-episode psychosis--the impact of a community development campaign. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 39(9), 711-719. doi : 10.1007/s00127-004-0798-5
- Kuipers, E., Holloway, F., Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Tennakoon, L. (2004). An RCT of early intervention in psychosis : Croydon Outreach and Assertive Support Team (COAST). Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 39(5), 358-363.
- Kutcher, S., & McLuckie, A. (2010). Mental Health Commission of Canada (2010). Evergreen : A child and youth mental health framework for Canada : Calgary, AB : Mental Health Commission of Canada.
- Latimer, E. A. (1999). Economic impacts of assertive community treatment : a review of the literature. Canadian journal of psychiatry, 44(5), 443-454.
- Lehman, A. F., Dixon, L., Hoch, J. S., DeForge, B., Kernan, E., & Frank, R. (1999). Cost-effectiveness of assertive community treatment for homeless persons with severe mental illness. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 174(4), 346-352.
- Lehman, A. F., Steinwachs, D. M., Dixon, L. B., Postrado, L., Scott, J. E., Fahey, M., . . . & Skinner, E. A. (1998). Patterns of usual care for schizophrenia : initial results from the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) Client Survey. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(1), 11.
- Lieberman, J. A., Perkins, D., Belger, A., Chakos, M., Jarskog, F., Boteva, K., & Gilmore, J. (2001). The early stages of schizophrenia : speculations on pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches. Biological psychiatry, 50(11), 884-897.
- Lincoln, C., Harrigan, S., & McGorry, P. D. (1998). Understanding the topography of the early psychosis pathways : An opportunity to reduce delays in treatment. The British Journal of Psychiatry.
- Linszen, D., Dingemans, P., & Lenior, M. (2001). Early intervention and a five year follow up in young adults with a short duration of untreated psychosis : ethical implications. Schizophrenia Research, 51(1), 55-61.
- Lloyd-Evans, B., Crosby, M., Stockton, S., Pilling, S., Hobbs, L., Hinton, M., & Johnson, S. (2011). Initiatives to shorten duration of untreated psychosis : systematic review. Br J Psychiatry, 198(4), 256-263. doi : 10.1192/bjp.bp. 109.075622
- Malla, A. (2008). The promises and challenges of early intervention in psychotic disorders. World Psychiatry, 7(3), 157-158.
- Malla, A. (2009). S21-02 A pilot randomized controlled evaluation of “extended specialized early intervention service” vs.“regular care” for longterm management of early psychosis. European Psychiatry, 24, S112.
- Malla, A., & AJ, P. (2010). Is Treating Patients With First-Episode Psychosis Cost-Effective ? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(1), 3-8.
- Malla, A., Norman, R., & Joober, R. (2005). First-episode psychosis, early intervention, and outcome : What have we learned ? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 5(14), 881-891.
- Malla, A., Norman, R., Scholten, D., Manchanda, R., & McLean, T. (2005). A community intervention for early identification of first episode psychosis : impact on duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and patient characteristics. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 40(5), 337-344.
- Malla, A., & Payne, J. (2005). First-episode psychosis : psychopathology, quality of life, and functional outcome. Schizophrenia bulletin, 31(3), 650-671.
- Malla, A., Schmitz, N., Norman, R., Archie, S., Windell, D., Roy, P., & Zipursky, R. (2007). A Multisite Canadian Study of Outcome of First-Episode Psychosis Treated in Publicly Funded Early Intervention Services. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(2), 563-571.
- Malla, A., Norman, R., McLean, T., Scholten, D., & Townsend, L. (2003). A Canadian programme for early intervention in non-affective psychotic disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37(4), 407-413.
- Malla, A. K., Bodnar, M., Joober, R., & Lepage, M. (2011). Duration of untreated psychosis is associated with orbital–frontal grey matter volume reductions in first episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 125(1), 13-20.
- Malla, A., Jordan, G., Joober, R., Schmitz, N., Norman, R., Brown, T., . . . & Rochford, J. (2014). A controlled evaluation of a targeted early case detection intervention for reducing delay in treatment of first episode psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(11) :1711-8.
- Marques, T. R., Taylor, H., C., C., Dell’Acqua, F., Handley, R., Simone Reinders, A. A. T., . . . Dazzan, P. (2013). White matter integrity as a predictor of response to treatment in frist episode psychosis. Brain. doi : 10.1093/brain/awt310
- Marshall, M., Lewis, S., Lockwood, A., R, D., Jones, P., & Croudace, T. (2005). Association Between Duration of Untreated Psychosis and Outcome in Cohorts of First-Episode Patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62, 975-983.
- Marshall, M., & Rathbone, J. (2011). Early intervention for psychosis. Schizophrenia bulletin, 37(6), 1111-1114.
- McCrone, P., Knapp, M., Proudfoot, J., Ryden, C., Cavanagh, K., Shapiro, D. A., & Tylee, A. (2004). Cost-effectiveness of computerised cognitive–behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression in primary care : randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 185(1), 55-62.
- McGlashan, T. H. (1988). A selective review of recent North American long-term followup studies of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia bulletin, 14(4), 515.
- McGorry, P. (2012). Truth and reality in early intervention. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 46(4), 313-316.
- McGorry, P. (2013). Beyond DSM : Early stages of disorder pose predictable and modifiable risk for persistent disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 47, 880-884.
- McGorry, P., Bates, T., & Birchwood, M. (2013). Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century : examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(s54), s30-s35.
- McGorry, P., Johannessen, J. O., Lewis, S., Birchwood, M., Malla, A., Nordentoft, M., . . . Yung, A. (2010). Early intervention in psychosis : keeping faith with evidence-based health care. Psychological medicine, 40, 399-404.
- McGorry, P., Purcell, R., Hickie, I., Yung, A., Pantelis, C., & Jackson, H. J. (2007). Clinical staging : a heuristic model for psychiatry and youth mental health. MJA, 187(7), s40-s42.
- McGorry, P., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., & Killackey, E. (2013). Antipsychotic Medication During the Critical Period Following Remission From First-Episode PsychosisLess Is MoreMedication Following Remission From FEPEditorial. JAMA psychiatry, 70(9), 898-900.
- Melle, I., Larsen, T. K., Haahr, U., Friis, S., Johannessen, J. O., Opjordsmoen, S., . . . McGlashan, T. (2004). Reducing the duration of untreated first-episode psychosis : effects on clinical presentation. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 61(2), 143-150.
- Menezes, N., Arenovich, T., & Zipursky, R. (2006). A systematic review of longitudinal outcome studies of first-episode psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 36(10), 1349-1362.
- Mihalopoulos, C., Harris, M., Henry, L., Harrigan, S., Farrelly, S., Schwartz, O., . . . McGorry, P. (2007). Are the short-term cost savings and benefits of an early psychosis program maintained at 8-year follow-up ? Paper presented at the Schizophrenia bulletin.
- Mihalopoulos, C., Knapp, M., Johannessen, J. O., Malla, A., & McGorry, P. (2012). The costs of early intervention in psychosis : Restoring the balance. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 46, 808-811.
- Mortensen, P. B., & Juel, K. (1993). Mortality and causes of death in first admitted schizophrenic patients. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 163(2), 183-189.
- Nicole, L., Abdel-Baki, A., Lesage, A., Granger, B., Stip, E., & Lalonde, P. (2007). L’Étude de suivi des psychoses émergentes de l’Université de Montréal (ÉSPÉUM) : contexte, buts et méthodologie. Santé Mentale au Québec, 32(1), 317-331.
- Nordentoft, M., Rasmussen, J. Ø., Melau, M., Hjorthøj, C. R., & Thorup, A. A. (2014). How successful are first episode programs ? A review of the evidence for specialized assertive early intervention. Current opinion in psychiatry, 27(3), 167-172.
- Norman, R., & Malla, A. (2001). Duration of untreated psychosis : a critical examination of the concept and its importance. Psychological medicine, 31, 381-400.
- Norman, R., Malla, A., & Manchanda, R. (2007). Is untreated psychosis socially toxic ? Early Intervention In Psychiatry, 1, 267-270.
- Norman, R., Malla, A., Verdi, M. B., Hassall, L., & Fazekas, C. (2004). Understanding delay in treatment for first-episode psychosis. Psychological medicine, 34, 255-266.
- Norman, R. M., Manchanda, R., Malla, A. K., Windell, D., Harricharan, R., & Northcott, S. (2011). Symptom and functional outcomes for a 5year early intervention program for psychoses. Schizophrenia research, 129(2), 111-115.
- Nuechterlein, K. H., Subotnik, K. L., Turner, L. R., Ventura, J., Becker, D. R., & Drake, R. E. (2008). Individual placement and support for individuals with recent-onset schizophrenia : integrating supported education and supported employment. Psychiatric rehabilitation journal, 31(4), 340-349.
- Pantelis, C., Velakoulis, D., McGorry, P. D., Wood, S. J., Suckling, J., Phillips, L. J., . . . Soulsby, B. (2003). Neuroanatomical abnormalities before and after onset of psychosis : a cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI comparison. The Lancet, 361(9354), 281-288.
- Pelosi, A., & Birchwood, M. (2003). Is early intervention for psychosis a waste of valuable resources ? British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 196-198.
- Penn, D., Waldheter, E., Perkins, D., Mueser, K., & Lieberman, J. (2005). Psychosocial Treatment for First-Episode Psychosis : A Research Update. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 2220-2232.
- Perkins, D., Gu, H., Boteva, K., & Lieberman, J. (2005). Relationship Between Duration of Untreated Psychosis and Outcome in First-Episode Schizophrenia : A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1785-1804.
- Petersen, L., Jeppesen, P., Thorup, A., Abel, M.-B., Øhlenschlaeger, J., Christensen, T. Ø., . . . Nordentoft, M. (2005). A randomised multicentre trial of integrated versus standard treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness. BMJ : British Medical Journal, 602-605.
- Phutane, V. H., Tek, C., Chwastiak, L., Ratliff, J. C., Ozyuksel, B., Woods, S. W., & Srihari, V. H. (2011). Cardiovascular risk in a first-episode psychosis sample : A ‘critical period’for prevention ? Schizophrenia Research, 127(1), 257-261.
- Preston, N. J., & Fazio, S. (2000). Establishing the efficacy and cost effectiveness of community intensive case management of long-term mentally ill : a matched control group study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34(1), 114-121.
- Preti, A., & Cella, M. (2010). Randomized-controlled trials in people at ultra-high risk of psychosis : a review of treatment effectiveness. Schizophrenia Research, 123(1), 30-36.
- Primavera, D., Bandecchi, C., Lepori, T., Sanna, L., Nicotra, E., & Carpiniello, B. (2012). Does duration of untreated psychosis predict very long term outcome of schizophrenic disorders ? Results of a retrospective study. Annals of General Psychiatry, 11.
- Pruessner, M., Iyer, S. N., Faridi, K., Joober, R., & Malla, A. K. (2011). Stress and protective factors in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis, first episode psychosis and healthy controls. Schizophrenia research, 129(1), 29-35.
- Raven, M., Jureidini, J., & Stuart, G. W. (2013). Transparency and accountability in early psychosis intervention research. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 47(7), 680-681.
- Rinaldi, M., Mcneil, K., Firn, M., Koletsi, M., Perkins, R., & Singh, S. P. (2004). What are the benefits of evidence-based supported employment for patients with first-episode psychosis ?. Psychiatric Bulletin, 28(8), 281-284.
- Robinson, D., Woerner, M. G., Alvir, J. M. J., Bilder, R., Goldman, R., Geisler, S., . . . Mayerhoff, D. (1999). Predictors of relapse following response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Archives of general psychiatry, 56(3), 241-247.
- Robinson, D. G., Woerner, M. G., McMeniman, M., Mendelowitz, A., & Bilder, R. M. (2004). Symptomatic and functional recovery from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(3), 473-479.
- Rondeau, M.-C., Rho, A., Iyer, S., Joober, R., Schmitz, N., Latimer, E., . . . Nordentoft, M. (2012). A randomized controlled evaluation of‘extended specialized early intervention service‘vs.‘regular care‘for long-term management of early psychosis. Paper presented at the EARLY INTERVENTION IN PSYCHIATRY.
- Rund, B. R. (2013). Does active psychosis cause neurobiological pathology ? A critical review of the neurotoxicity hypothesis. Psychological medicine.
- Saha, S., Chant, D., Welham, J., & McGrath, J. (2005). A systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia. PLoS medicine, 2(5), e141.
- Salloum, I., Moss, H., & Daley, D. (1991). Substance abuse and schizophrenia : impediments to optimal care. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 17, 321-336.
- Sawyer, M. G., Arney, F. M., Baghurst, P., Clark, J., Graetz, B., Kosky, R., . . . Raphael, B. (2000). The mental health of young people in Australia. Canberra : Mental Health and Special Programs Branch, Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged and Care, 2000
- Scholten, D., Malla, A., Norman, R., McLean, T., McIntosh, E., & McDonald, C. (2003). Removing barriers to treatment of first-episode psychotic disorders. Can J Psychiatry 48, 561-565.
- Semisa, D., Lora, A., Morosini, P., & Ruggeri, M. (2008). The SIEP-DIRECT’s Project on the discrepancy between routine practice and evidence in the treatment of schizophrenia. The design, the indicators, and the methodology of the study. Epidemiologia e psichiatria sociale, 17(04), 278-290.
- Singh, S. (2010). Early intervention in psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 196, 343-345.
- Smieskova, R., Fusar-Poli, P., Allen, P., Bendfeldt, K., Stieglitz, R., Drewe, J., . . . Borgwardt, S. (2010). Neuroimaging predictors of transition to psychosis – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(8), 1207-1222.
- Srihari, V., Breitborde, N., Pollard, J., Tek, C., Hyman, L., Frisman, L., . . . Woods, S. (2009). Public-academic partnerships : Early intervention for psychotic disorders in a community mental health center. Psychiatric Services, 60(11), 1426-1428.
- Srihari, V., Shah, J., & Keshavan, M. S. (2012). Is Early Intervention for Psychosis Feasible and Effective ? Psychiatr Clin N Am, 35, 613-631.
- Switaj, P., Anczewska, M., Chrostek, A., & al., e. (2012). Disability and schizophrenia : a systematic review of experienced psychosocial difficulties. BMC Psychiatry 12, 193.
- Tang, J., Chang, W., Hui, C., Wong, G., Chan, S., Lee, E., . . . Chen, E. (2014). Prospective relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and 13-year clinical outcome : A first-episode psychosis study. Schizophrenia Research.
- Vanasse, A., Courteau, J., Fleury, M. J., Grégoire, J. P., Lesage, A., & Moisan, J. (2012). Treatment prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia in Quebec using a population health services perspective : different algorithms, different estimates. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 47(4), 533-543.
- van der Gaag, M., Smit, F., Bechdolf, A., French, P., Linszen, D. H., Yung, A., . . . Cuijpers, P. (2013). Preventing a first episode of psychosis : Meta-analysis of randomized controlled prevention trials of 12 month and longer-term follow-ups. Schizophrenia Research, 149, 56-62.
- Van Os, J., Linscott, R. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, L. (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum : evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological medicine, 39(2), 179.
- Verdoux, H., & van Os, J. (2002). Psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations and the continuum of psychosis. Schizophr Res, 54(1-2), 59-65.
- Weisz, J. R., Sandler, I. N., Durlak, J. A., & Anton, B. S. (2005). Promoting and protecting youth mental health through evidence-based prevention and treatment. American Psychologist, 60(6), 628.
- Westermeyer, J. F., Harrow, M., & Marengo, J. T. (1991). Risk for suicide in schizophrenia and other psychotic and nonpsychotic disorders. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 179(5), 259-266.
- Wunderink, L., Sytema, S., Nienhuis, F., & Wiersma, D. (2009). Clinical Recovery in First Episode Psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(2), 362-369.
- Wunderink, L., Nieboer, R. M., Wiersma, D., Sytema, S., & Nienhuis, F. J. (2013). Recovery in remitted first-episode psychosis at 7 years of follow-up of an early dose reduction/discontinuation or maintenance treatment strategy : long-term follow-up of a 2-year randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry, 70(9), 913-920.
- Wyatt, R. (1991). Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 325-351.
- Yoshida, T., McCarley, R. W., Nakamura, M., Lee, K., Koo, M.-S., Bouix, S., . . . Niznikiewicz, M. A. (2009). A prospective longitudinal volumetric MRI study of superior temporal gyrus gray matter and amygdala–hippocampal complex in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research, 113(1), 84-94.
- Yung, A. R., Organ, B. A., & Harris, M. G. (2003). Management of early psychosis in a generic adult mental health service. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 37(4), 429-436.