Abstracts
Résumé
Depuis l’apparition du trouble d’anxiété généralisée (TAG) dans le manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux (DSM) en 1980, la définition et la compréhension de ce trouble ont grandement évolué. Le présent article fait un survol des aspects centraux des écrits sur le TAG en passant par l’historique, la prévalence, les caractéristiques socio-économiques, la comorbidité, le diagnostic différentiel et l’évolution de ce trouble, tout en considérant les questions litigieuses concernant sa classification. L’article présente aussi un compte rendu des études récentes sur le profil cognitif des patients présentant les critères diagnostiques de ce trouble tiré de la psychologie expérimentale cognitive et de la neuropsychologie. Les conséquences sur le fonctionnement cognitif de ces patients sont discutées dans la deuxième section de l’article, de même que les précautions relatives à ce fonctionnement que doivent prendre les cliniciens lors de l’intervention.
Abstract
Since the appearance of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in the 1980 version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the definition and the comprehension of this disorder have largely evolved. The present article is an overview of the principal aspects of GAD in the literature such as the history, the prevalence, the socioeconomic characteristics, the comorbidity, the differential diagnosis and its evolution, while considering the litigious questions concerning its classification. This article also presents a report of the recent studies about the cognitive profile of patients, from a perspective of cognitive experimental psychology and neuropsychology. The consequences on cognitive functioning are discussed in the second part of the article, as well as precautions relatively to functioning clinicians have to consider.
Resumen
Desde la aparición del trastorno de ansiedad generalizada (TAG) en el manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (DSM) en 1980, la definición y comprensión de este trastorno han evolucionado grandemente. El presente artículo realiza una sinopsis de los aspectos centrales de los textos sobre el TAG, pasando por la historia, la prevalencia, las características socioeconómicas, la comorbilidad, el diagnóstico diferencial y la evolución de este trastorno, considerando también las cuestiones litigiosas acerca de su clasificación. El artículo presenta también un informe de los estudios recientes del perfil cognitivo de los pacientes que presentan los criterios de diagnóstico de este trastorno, proveniente de la psicología experimental cognitiva y de la neuropsicología. En la segunda sección del artículo se discuten las consecuencias en el funcionamiento cognitivo de estos pacientes, así como las precauciones relacionadas con este funcionamiento que deben tomar los clínicos durante la intervención.
Resumo
Desde o aparecimento do transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (TAG) no manual diagnóstico e estatístico dos transtornos mentais (DSM) em 1980, a definição e a compreensão deste transtorno evoluíram muito. O presente artigo dá uma visão geral dos aspectos centrais da literatura que trata sobre o TAG passando pelo histórico, prevalência, características socioeconômicas, comorbidade, diagnóstico diferencial e evolução deste transtorno, considerando as questões litigiosas que tratam de sua classificação. O artigo apresenta também um resumo dos estudos recentes sobre o perfil cognitivo dos pacientes apresentando os critérios diagnósticos deste transtorno tirado da psicologia experimental cognitiva e da neuropsicologia. As consequências sobre o funcionamento cognitivo destes pacientes são discutidas na segunda parte do artigo, além das precauções que devem tomar os clínicos durante a intervenção relativas a este funcionamento.
Appendices
Bibliographie
-
Akiskal, H. S., 1998, Toward a definition of generalized anxiety disorder as an anxious temperament type, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 393, 66-73.10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb05969.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Albano, M., Hack, S., 2004, Part 4 : Special population Children and adolescents, in Heimberg, R.G., Turk, C. L. Mennin, D. S., eds., Generalized Anxiety Disorder : Advances in Research and Practice, Guilford Press, New York, 383-408.10.1016/S0887-6185(01)00055-X Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
American Psychiatric Association, 1980, Manuel diagnostic et statistique des troubles mentaux (3e éd.), Washington, D.C.10.1037/0021-843X.108.1.153 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
American Psychiatric Association, 1987, Manuel diagnostic et statistique des troubles mentaux (3e éd. révisée), Washington, D.C.10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.877 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
American Psychiatric Association, 1994, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.), Washington, D.C.10.1016/0005-7967(83)90121-3 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
American Psychiatric Association, 2003, Manuel diagnostic et statistique des troubles mentaux (4e éd. révisée), Washington, D.C.10.1037/0021-843X.104.3.532 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
American Psychiatric Association, 2010, Proposed Draft Revisions to DSM Disorders and Criteria, Récupéré le 15 avril 2010 de http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/Default.aspx10.1348/014466599162845 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Andrews, G., 1990, Classification of neurotic disorders, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 83, 10, 606-607.10.1037/0022-006X.60.6.835 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Barlow, D. H., Dinardo, P. A., 1991, The diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder : Development, current status, and future directions, in Rapee, R.M., et Barlow, H., eds., Chronic Anxiety : Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Mixed Anxiety-depression, Guilford Press, New York, 95-118.10.1037/0021-843X.110.1.49 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Becker, E. S., Rinck, M., Margraf, J., Roth, W. T., 2001, The emotional Stroop effect in anxiety disorders, General emotionality or disorder specificity ? Anxiety Disorders, 15, 147-151.10.1016/S0887-6185(01)00055-X Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Becker, E. S., Roth, W. T., Andrich, M., Margraf, J., 1999, Explicit memory in Anxiety Disorders, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 153-163.10.1037/0021-843X.108.1.153 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Borkovec, T. D., Lyonfields, J. D., 1993, Worry : Thought suppression of emotional processing, in Krohne, H.W., ed., Attention and Avoidance, Hogrefe et Huber, Seattle, 29-51.10.1002/da.1020 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Borkovec, T. D., Mathews, A. M., 1988, Treatment of nonphobic anxiety disorders : A comparison of nondirective, cognitive and coping desensitisation therapy, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 877-884.10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.877 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Borkovec, T. D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., Depree, J. A., 1983, Preliminary exploration of worry : Some characteristics and processes, Behavior Research and Therapy, 21, 9-16.10.1016/0005-7967(83)90121-3 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Borkovec, T. D., Shadick, R. N., Hopkins, M., 1991, The nature of normal and pathological worry, in Rapee, R.M., et Barlow, D. H., eds., Chronic Anxiety : Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Mixed anxiety-depression, Guilford Press, New York, 29-51.10.1521/bumc.65.1.58.18708 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., Millar, N., White, J., 1995, Selective processing of negative emotional information : Effects of clinical anxiety, concurrent depression and awareness, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 532-536.10.1037/0021-843X.104.3.532 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., White, J., Groom, C., De Bono, J., 1999, Attentional bias for emotional faces in Generalized Anxiety Disorder, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 267-278.10.1348/014466599162845 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Bradwejn, J., Berner, M., Shaw, B., 1992, Malade d’inquiétude : Guide du médecin pour le traitement et le counseling, Grosvenor, Montréal.10.1037/h0047707 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Brown, T. A., Barlow, D. H., 1992, Comorbidity among anxiety disorders : implications for treatment and DSM-IV, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 835-844.10.1037/0022-006X.60.6.835 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Brown, T. A., Barlow, D. H., Liebowitz, M. R., 1994, The empirical basis of generalized anxiety disorder, American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 9, 1272-1280.10.1080/02699939208409696 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Brown, T. A., Dinardo, P. A., Lehman, C. L., Campbell, L. A., 2001, Reliability of DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders : Implications for classification of emotional disorders, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 49 – 58.10.1037/0021-843X.110.1.49 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Brown, T. A., Marten, P. A., Barlow, D. H., 1995, Discriminant validity of the symptoms comprising the DSM-III-R and DSM-IV associated symptom criterion of generalized anxiety disorder, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9, 317-328.10.1016/0887-6185(95)00012-D Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Bruning, J. L., Capage, J. E., Kuzuh, G. F., Youg, P. F., Youg, W. E., 1968, Socially induced drive and range of cue utilization, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 242-244.10.1037/h0025895 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Carter, R. M., Wittchen, H. U., Pfister, H., Kessler, R. C., 2001, One-year prevalence of subthreshold and threshold DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in a nationally representative sample, Depression and Anxiety, 13, 78-88.10.1002/da.1020 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Cole, D. A., Peeke, L. G., Martin, J. M., Truglio, R., Seroczynski, A. D., 1998, A longitudinal look at the relation between depression and anxiety in children and adolescents, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 3, 451-460.10.1037/0022-006X.66.3.451 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Coles, M. E., Heimberg, R. G., 2005, Thought Control Strategies in Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 1, 47-5610.1007/s10608-005-1647-x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Corsi, P., 1972, Human Memory and the Medial Temporal Region of the Brain, Document inédit, McGill University.10.1037/0022-006X.68.6.957 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Craske, M. G., Pontillo, D. C., 2001, Cognitive biases in anxiety disorders and their effect on cognitive-behavioral treatment, Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 65, 58-77.10.1521/bumc.65.1.58.18708 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Darke, S., 1988, Anxiety and working memory capacity, Cognition and Emotion, 2, 145-154.10.1080/02699938808408071 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Dugas, M. J., Ladouceur, R., Boisvert, J. M., Freeston, M. H., 1996, Le trouble d’anxiété généralisée : Éléments fondamentaux et interventions psychologiques, Psychologie canadienne, 37, 40-53.10.1037/0021-843X.95.1.15 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Dugas, M. J., Marchand, A., Ladouceur, R., 2005, Further validation of a cognitive-behavioral model of generalized anxiety disorder : diagnostic and symptom specificity, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 329-343.10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.02.002 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Durand, V. M., Barlow, D. H., 2002, Psychopathologie : une perspective multidimensionnelle, De Boeck Université, Bruxelles.10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.478 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Easterbrook, J. A., 1959, The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behaviour, Psychological Review, 66, 183-201.10.1037/h0047707 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Edelmann, R. J., 1992, Anxiety : Research, Theory and Intervention in Clinical and Health Psychology, Wiley, West Sussex, UK.10.1080/00049539108259108 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Eysenck, M. W., 1979, Anxiety, learning and memory : A reconceptualization, Journal of Research in Personality, 13, 363-385.10.1016/0092-6566(79)90001-1 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Eysenck, M. W., Calvo, M. G., 1992, Anxiety and performance : The processing efficiency theory, Cognition and Emotion, 6, 409-434.10.1080/02699939208409696 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Eysenck, M. W., Graydon, J., 1989, Susceptibility to distraction as a function of personality, Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 681-687.10.1016/0191-8869(89)90227-4 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Fox, E., 1993, Attentional bias in anxiety : Selective or not ? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 487-493.10.1016/0005-7967(93)90129-I Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Freeston, M. H., Dugas, M. J., Ladouceur, R., 1996, Thoughts, images, worry and anxiety, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 265-273.10.1007/BF02229237 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Furmark, T., Tillfors, M., Marteinsdottir, I., Fisher, H., Pissiota, A., Långström, B., 2002, Common changes in cerebral blood flow in patients with social phobia treated with citalopram or cognitive-behavioral therapy, Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 425-433.10.1001/archpsyc.59.5.425 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Gosselin, P., Laberge, B., 2003, Les facteurs étiologiques du Trouble d’anxiété généralisée : état actuel des connaissances, L’Encéphale, 29, 351-361.10.1007/s10608-005-1646-y Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Gosselin, P., Routhier, S., Courcy, F., 2007, Inférence du Trouble d’Anxiété Généralisée sur le fonctionnement au travail : une étude descriptive, Communication présentée au congrès annuel de la Société québécoise pour la recherche en psychologie, Sherbrooke.10.1016/0005-7967(95)00031-R Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Guelfi, J. D., 2003, L’anxiété généralisée : évolution des classifications, in Guelfi, J. D., et Samuelian, J .C., éds., L’anxiété Généralisée : actualité et devenir, Flammarion Médecine-Sciences, Paris.10.1037/0021-843X.102.2.304 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., Mennin, D. S., 2004, Generalized Anxiety Disorder : Advances in Research and Practice, Guilford Press, New York.10.1080/02699939208411064 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Hout, M. V. D., Tenney, N., Huygens, K., Merckelbach, H., Kindt, M., 1995, Responding to subliminal threat cues is related to trait anxiety and emotional vulnerability : a successful replication of Macleod and Hagan (1992), Behavioral Research and Therapy, 33, 451-454.10.1016/0005-7967(94)00062-O Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Kessler, R., 2000, The epidemiology of pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder : a review and evaluation of recent research, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 406, 7-13.10.1111/j.0065-1591.2000.acp29-02.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Kessler, R., DuPont, R. L., Berglund, P., Wittchen, H., 1999, Impairment in Pure and Comorbid Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Major Depression at 12 Months in Two National Surveys, American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1915-1923.10.1080/17470215908416289 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Kessler, R., Wittchen, H., 2002, Patterns and correlates of generalized anxiety disorder in community samples, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63, 8, 4-10.10.1017/CBO9780511663222 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Ladouceur, R., Dugas, M. J., 1999, Le trouble d’anxiété généralisée, in Ladouceur, R., Marchand, A., et Boisvert, J. M., eds., Les troubles anxieux, Gaëtan Morin, Montréal, 31-57.10.1080/02699939408408933 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Ladouceur, R., Marchand, A., Boisvert, J. M., 1999, Les troubles anxieux : approche cognitive et comportementale, Gaëtan Morin.10.1037/0021-843X.103.4.828 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Ladouceur, R. M., Dugas, M. J., Freeston, M. H., Leger, E., Gagnon, F., Thibodeau, N., 2000, Efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral treatment for generalized anxiety disorder : Evaluation in a controlled clinical trial, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 6, 957-964.10.1037/0022-006X.68.6.957 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Lalonde, P., Aubut, J., Grunberg, F., 1999, Psychiatrie clinique, une approche bio-psycho-sociale, Gaëtan Morin.10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00150-8 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Langlois, F., Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., 2000, Differences and similarities between obsessive intrusive thoughts and worry in a non-clinical population : study 1, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 2, 157-173.10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00027-3 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Lenze, E. J., Mulsant, B., Mohlman, J., Shear, K., Dew, M. A., Schulz, R., 2005, Generalized anxiety disorder in late life : Lifetime course and comorbidity with major depressive disorder, American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 1, 77-80.10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.1.77 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lépine, J. P., Lellouch, J., Lovell, A., Teherani, M., Pariente, P., 1993, L’épidémiologie des troubles anxieux et dépressifs dans une population générale française, Confrontations psychiatriques, 35, 139-161.10.1080/10615808808248215 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Le Roux, H., Gatz, M., Wetherell, J. L., 2005, Age at onset of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Older Adults, American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 1, 23-3010.1016/0165-0327(95)00058-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., Tata, P., 1986, Attentional bias in Emotional Disorders, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 15-20.10.1037/0021-843X.95.1.15 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
MacLeod, C., McLaughlin, K., 1995, Implicit and explicit memory bias in anxiety : A conceptual replication, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 1-14.10.1016/0005-7967(94)E0004-3 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Macleod, A. K., Williams, J. M. G., Bekerian, D. A., 1991, Worry is reasonable : The role of explanations in pessimism about future personal events, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 478-486.10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.478 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Maier, W., Gänsicke, M., Freyberger, H. J., Linz, M., Heun, R., et Lecrubier, Y., 2000, Generalized Anxiety Disorder in primary care from a cross-cultural perspective : a valid diagnostic entity ? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 101, 29-36.10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101001029.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Markham, R., Darke, S., 1991, The effect of anxiety on verbal and spatial task performance, Australian Journal of Psychology, 43, 107-111.10.1080/00049539108259108 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Mathews, A., MacLeod, C., 1985, Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 563-569.10.1016/0005-7967(85)90104-4 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Mathews, A., MacLeod, C., 1986, Discrimination of threat cues without awareness in anxiety states, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 131-138.10.1037/0021-843X.95.2.131 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Mathews, A., Mogg, K., Kentish, J., Eysenck, M. W., 1995, Effect of psychological treatment on cognitive bias in generalized anxiety disorder, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 293-303.10.1016/0005-7967(94)E0022-B Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Mathews, A., Mogg, K., May, J., Eysenck, M. W., 1989, Implicit and explicit memory bias in anxiety, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 236-240.10.1037/0021-843X.98.3.236 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Mavissakalian, M. R., Hammam, M. S., Haidar, S. A., De Groot, C. M., 1993, DSM-III personality disorders in generalized anxiety, panic agoraphobia, and obsessive compulsive disorders, Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34, 243-248.10.1016/0010-440X(93)90005-O Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Mauri, M., Sarno, N., Rossi, V. M., Armani, A., Zambotto, S., Cassano, G. B., 1992, Personality disorders associated with generalized anxiety, panic, and recurrent depressive disorders, Journal of Personality Disorders, 6, 162-167.10.1521/pedi.1992.6.2.162 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Mialet, J. P., 2000, Les explorations cognitives de l’anxiété, in Van der Linden, M., Danion, J.M., et Agniel, A., eds., La psychopathologie : Une approche cognitive et neuropsychologique, Solar éditeurs, France, 133-160.10.1037/h0022963 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., 2005, Attentional bias in generalized anxiety disorder versus depressive disorder, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 29-45.10.1007/s10608-005-1646-y Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Millar, N., White, J., 1995, A follow-up study of cognitive bias in Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 927-935.10.1016/0005-7967(95)00031-R Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Williams, R., Mathews, A., 1993, Subliminal processing of emotional information in anxiety and depression, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 304-311.10.1037/0021-843X.102.2.304 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Mogg, K., Gardiner, J. M., Stavrou, A., Golombok, S., 1992, Recollective experience and recognition memory for threat in clinical anxiety states, Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 30, 109-112.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Mogg, K., Mathews, A., Eysenck, M., 1992, Attentional bias to threat in clinical anxiety states, Cognition and Emotion, 6, 149-159.10.1080/02699939208411064 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Mogg, K., Mathews, A., Weinman, J., 1987, Memory bias in clinical anxiety, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 94-98.10.1037/0021-843X.96.2.94 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Mogg, K., Mathews, A., Weinman, J., 1989, Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states : A replication, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 317-323.10.1016/0005-7967(89)90001-6 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Moray, N., 1959, Attention and dichotic listening : Affective cues and the influence of instructions, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 11, 56-60.10.1080/17470215908416289 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Noyes, R. J., Hoehn-Saric, R., 1998, The Anxiety Disorders, Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511663222 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Nugent, K., Mineka, S., 1994, The effect of high and low trait anxiety on implicit and explicit memory tasks, Cognition and Emotion, 8, 147-163.10.1080/02699939408408933 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- OMS, 1997, Classification internationale des troubles mentaux et des problèmes de santé connexes, Masson, Paris.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Otto, M. W., McNally, R. J., Pollack, M. H., Chen, E., Rosenbaum, J. F., 1994, Hemispheric laterality and memory bias for threat in anxiety disorders, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 828-831.10.1037/0021-843X.103.4.828 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Pallack, M. S., Pittman, T. S., Heller, J. F., Munson, P., 1975, The effect of arousal on Stroop color — word task performance, Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 6, 248 – 250.10.1176/ajp.151.9.1272 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Papageorgiou, C., Wells, A., 1998, Effect of attention training on hypochondriasis : A brief case series, Psychological Medicine, 28, 193-200.10.1017/S0033291797005825 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Papageorgiou, C., Wells, A., 1999, The observer perspective : Biased imagery in social phobia, agoraphobia, and blood/injury phobia, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 653-658.10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00150-8 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Pélissolo, A., 2004, Trouble d’anxiété généralisée, in Lemperière, T., éd., Dépression et troubles anxieux généralisés, Masson, Paris, 73-90.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Pélissolo, A., Lépine, J. P., 2001, Epidemiology of depression and anxiety disorders, in Montgomery, S.A., et Den Boer, J.A., eds., SSRIs in Depression and Anxiety, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 1-23.10.1002/0470846518.ch1 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Philippot, P., 2007, Émotions et psychothérapie, Éditions Wardaga, Wavre, Belgique, 103-107.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Rapee, R. M., 1991, Psychological factors involved in generalized anxiety, in Rapee, R.M., et Barlow, D.H., éds., Chronic Anxiety : Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Mixed Anxiety-depression, Guilford Press, New York, 76-94.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Rivard, A., 2004, Le trouble d’anxiété généralisée, Mémoire de maîtrise inédit, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Rivas-Vasquez, R. A., Saffa-Biller, D., Ruiz, I., Blais, M. A., Rivas-Vazquez, A. A., 2004, Current issues in anxiety and depression : Comorbid, mixed and subthreshold disorders, Professional Psychology : Research and Practice, 35, 1, 74-83.10.1037/0735-7028.35.1.74 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Roy-Byrne, P. P., 1996, Generalized anxiety and mixed anxiety-depression : Association with disability and health care utilization, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57, 86-91.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Rygh, J., Sanderson, W., 2004, Treating Generalized Anxiety Disorder : Evidence-Based Strategies, Tools, and Techniques, Guilford Press, New York.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Sarason, I. G., 1988, Anxiety, self-preoccupation and attention, Anxiety Research, 1, 3-7.10.1080/10615808808248215 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Starcevic, V., Uhlenhuth, E. H., Fallon, S., Pathak, D., 1996, Personality dimensions in panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, Journal of Affective Disorders, 37, 75-79.10.1016/0165-0327(95)00058-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Tracey, S. A., Chorpita, B. F., Douban, J., Barlow, D. H., 1997, Empirical evaluation of DSM-IV Generalized Anxiety Disorder in children and adolescents, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26, 404-414.10.1207/s15374424jccp2604_9 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., Stanley, M. A., 1992, Are obsessional thoughts and worry different cognitive phenomena ? Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 257-270.10.1016/0272-7358(92)90117-Q Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Tyrer, P., 2001, The case for cothymia : mixed anxiety and depression as a single diagnosis, British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 191 – 193.10.1192/bjp.179.3.191 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Van Velzen, C. J. M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., 1999, The relationship between anxiety disorders and personality disorders : prevalence rates and comorbidity models, in Derksen, J., Maffei, C., et Groen, H., eds., Treatment of Personality Disorders, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 129-153.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Wechsler, D., 1987, Wechsler Memory Scale-Third edition, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio.10.3758/BF03330411 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Wells, A., 1990, Panic Disorder in association with relaxation induced anxiety : An attentional training approach to treatment, Behavior Therapy, 21, 273-280.10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80330-2 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Wells, A., 2005, The metacognitive model of GAD : Assessment of Meta-Worry and Relationship with DSM-IV Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 1, 107-12110.1007/s10608-005-1652-0 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Wetherell, J. L., Le Roux, H., Gatz, M., 2003, DSM-IV criteria for generalized anxiety disorder in older adults, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 31-40.10.1037/0022-006X.71.1.31 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Williams, J. M. G., Mathews, A., MacLeod, C., 1996, The emotional stroop task and psychopathology, Psychological Bulletin, 120, 3-24.10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.3 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., 1997, Cognitive Psychology and Emotional Disorders, Wiley, New York.10.1037/e324112004-010 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Wittchen, H. U., Hoyer, J., 2001a, Generalized Anxiety Disorder : a depression risk factor ? International Jounal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 10, 52-57.10.1002/mpr.100 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Wittchen, H. U., Hoyer, J., 2001b, Generalized Anxiety Disorder : Nature and course, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, 11, 15 – 21.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Wittchen, H. U., Kessler, R. C., Pfister, H., Lieb, M., 2000, Why do people with anxiety disorders become depressed ? A prospective-longitudinal community study, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 406, 14-23.10.1111/j.0065-1591.2000.acp29-03.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Wittchen, H. U., Nelson, C. B., Lachner, G., 1998, Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults, Psychological Medicine, 28, 109-126.10.1017/S0033291797005928 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Wittchen, H. U., Zhao, S., Kessler, R. C., Eaton, W. W., 1994, DSM-III-R Generalized Anxiety Disorder in the national comorbidity survey, Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 355-364.10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950050015002 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Zaffy D. J., Bruning, J. L., 1966, Drive and the range of cue utilization, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71, 382-384.10.1037/h0022963 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Zimmerman, M., Chelminski, I., 2003, Generalized Anxiety Disorders in Patients with Major Depression : Is DSM-IV’s Hierarchy Correct ? American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 3, 504-512.10.1176/appi.ajp.160.3.504 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar