Abstracts
Résumé
Récemment, des études neuroanatomiques ont suggéré une inversion du dimorphisme sexuel normal chez les personnes schizophrènes dans plusieurs structures limbiques et corticolimbiques, impliquées dans le fonctionnement émotionnel. Stimulée par ces études, nous avons analysé des données provenant de quinze hommes et de dix femmes, ayant un diagnostic de la schizophrénie, qui avaient été mesurés par l’imagerie en résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) pendant l’exposition à deux tâches émotionnelles. En général, les deux essais ont évoqué des activations cérébrales beaucoup plus étendues et plus intenses chez les hommes que chez les femmes. L’échantillon des résultats obtenus diffère de manière significative de ce qui avait été observé dans la population générale. Ces résultats apportent un soutien à la suggestion d’une « masculinisation » des femmes et d’une « féminisation » des hommes ayant un diagnostic de schizophrénie. Une recherche auprès d’un plus grand nombre de patients et de sujets contrôles est actuellement en cours pour confirmer cette hypothèse.
Abstract
Recent neuroanatomical studies imply a reversal of normal sexual dimorphism in schizophrenia in several corticolimbic structures, including the anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala. Prompted by these reports we have analyzed data of fifteen men and ten women with the diagnosis of schizophrenia who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during exposure to two emotion processing tasks. Overall both tests evoked much more extensive and intense cerebral activations in men than in women with schizophrenia. The pattern of obtained results differs significantly from what has been observed in the general population, thus giving support for the recent suggestion of “masculinization” of females and “feminization” of males with schizophrenia. More thorough investigation of a larger number of patients and healthy participants is currently on its way to substantiate this hypothesis.
Resumen
Recientemente los estudios neuroanatómicos han sugerido una inversión del dimorfismo sexual normal en las personas esquizofrénicas, en varias estructuras límbicas y corticolímbicas implicadas en el funcionamiento emocional. Estimulados por estos estudios, analizamos los datos provenientes de quince hombres y diez mujeres diagnosticados con esquizofrenia, que habían sido evaluados por medio de imágenes de resonancia magnética funcional (IRMf) durante la exposición a dos tareas emocionales. En general, los dos intentos evocaron activaciones cerebrales mucho más extensas y más intensas en los hombres que en las mujeres. La muestra de los resultados obtenidos difiere de manera significativa de lo que se había observado en la población general. Estos resultados aportan apoyo a la sugerencia de una “masculinización” de las mujeres y una “feminización” de los hombres diagnosticados con esquizofrenia. Actualmente se está realizando una investigación de un mayor número de pacientes y personas de control para confirmar esta hipótesis.
Resumo
Recentemente, estudos neuroanatômicos sugeriram uma inversão da deformidade sexual normal nas pessoas esquizofrênicas, em várias estruturas límbicas e corticolímbicas, implicadas no funcionamento emocional. Estimulados por estes estudos, analisamos dados provenientes de quinze homens e dez mulheres, com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia, que tinham sido medidos por Imagem em Ressonância Magnética Funcional (IRMf) durante a exposição a duas tarefas emocionais. De maneira geral, os dois testes evocaram ativações cerebrais muito mais vastas e muito mais intensas nos homens que nas mulheres. A amostragem dos resultados obtidos difere de maneira significativa do que tinha sido observado na população geral. Estes resultados apóiam a hipótese de uma “masculinização” das mulheres e de uma “feminização” dos homens que possuem um diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. Uma pesquisa junto a um maior número de pacientes e de sujeitos controlados está atualmente sendo realizada para confirmar esta hipótese.
Appendices
Références
- Andia, A. M., Zisook, S., Heaton, R. K., Hesselink, J., Jernigan, T., Kuck, J., Morganville, J., Braff, D. L. 1995, Gender differences in schizophrenia, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 183, 522-528.
- Andreasen, N. C., Ehrhardt, J. C., Swayze, V. W. 2nd, Alliger, R. J., Yuh, W. T., Cohen, G. Ziebell, S. 1990, Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in schizophrenia, The pathophysiologic significance of structural abnormalities, Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 35-44.
- Andreasen, N. C., Flashman, L., Flaum, M., Arndt, S., Swayze, V. 2nd, O’leary, D. S., Ehrhardt, J. C. Yuh, W. T. 1994, Regional brain abnormalities in schizophrenia measured with magnetic resonance imaging, Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 1763-1769.
- Bryant, N. L., Buchanan, R. W., Vladar, K., Breier, A. Rothman, M. 1999, Gender differences in temporal lobe structures of patients with schizophrenia : a volumetric MRI study, American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 603-609.
- Canli, T., Desmond, J. E., Zhao, Z. Gabrieli, J. D. 2002, Sex differences in the neural basis of emotional memories, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 99, 10789-10794.
- Crespo-Facorro, B., Paradiso, S., Andreasen, N. C., O’leary, D.S., Watkins, G. L., Ponto, L. L. Hichwa, R. D. 2001, Neural mechanisms of anhedonia in schizophrenia : a PET study of response to unpleasant and pleasant odours, Journal of the American Medical Association, 286, 427-435.
- Duff, S. J., Hampson, E. 2001, A sex difference on a novel spatial working memory task in humans, Brain Cognition, 47, 470-493.
- Fahim, C., Stip, E., Mancini-Marie, A., Mensour, B., Boulay, L.J., Leroux, J.?M., Beaudoin, G., Bourgouin, P., Beauregard, M. 2005, Brain activity during emotionally negative pictures in schizophrenia with and without flat affect : an fMRI study, Psychiatry Research, 140, 1-15.
- Flaum, M., Swayze, V. W. 2nd, O’leary, D.S., Yuh, W.T., Ehrhardt, J. C., Arndt, S.V. Andreasen, N.C. 1995, Effects of diagnosis, laterality, and gender on brain morphology in schizophrenia, American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 704-714.
- Fischer, H., Fransson, P., Wright, C. I., Backman, L. 2004, Enhanced occipital and anterior cingulate activation in men but not in women during exposure to angry and fearful male faces, Cognitive, Affective, Behavioral Neuroscience, 4, 326-334
- Gladue, B. A., Bailey, J. M. 1995, Spatial ability, handedness, and human sexual orientation, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 20, 487-497.
- Goldstein, J. M., Seidman, L. J., Horton, N. J., Makris, N., Kennedy, D. N., Caviness, V. S. Jr., Faraone, S. V. Tsuang, M. T. 2001, Normal sexual dimorphism of the adult human brain assessed by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging, Cerebral Cortex, 11, 490-497.
- Goldstein, J. M., Seidman, L. J., O’brien, L. M., Horton, N. J., Kennedy, D. N., Makris, N., Caviness, V. S. Jr., Faraone, S. V. Tsuang, M. T. 2002, Impact of normal sexual dimorphisms on sex differences in structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 154-164.
- Greene, K. S., Gynther, M. D. 1995, Blue versus periwinkle : color identification and gender, Perception and Motor Skills, 80, 27-32.
- Gur, R. C., Turetsky, B. I., Matsui, M., Yan, M., Bilker, W., Hughett, P. Gur, R. E. 1999, Sex differences in brain gray and white matter in healthy young adults : correlations with cognitive performance, Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 4065-4072.
- Gur, R. E., Turetsky, B. I., Cowell, P. E., Finkelman, C., Maany, V., Grossman, R.?I., Arnold, S. E., Bilker, W. B. Gur, R.C. 2000, Temporolimbic volume reductions in schizophrenia, Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 769-775.
- Gur, R. C., Gunning-Dixon, F., Bilker, W. B. Gur, R. E. 2002a, Sex differences in temporo-limbic and frontal brain volumes of healthy adults, Cerebral Cortex, 12, 998-1003.
- Gur, R. E., Mcgrath, C., Chan, R. M., Schroeder, L., Turner, T., Turetsky, B. I., Kohler, C., Alsop, D., Maldjian, J., Ragland, J. D. Gur, R. C. 2002b, An fMRI study of facial emotion processing in patients with schizophrenia, American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1992-1999
- Gur, R. E., Kohler, C., Turetsky, B. I., Siegel, S. J., Kanes, S. J., Bilker, W. B., Brennan, A. R. Gur, R. C. 2004, A sexually dimorphic ratio of orbitofrontal to amygdala volume is altered in schizophrenia, Biological Psychiatry, 55, 512-517.
- Hafner, H., Maurer, K., Loffler, W., Van Der Heiden, W., Munk-Jorgensen, P., Hambrecht, M., Riecher-Rossler, A. 1998, The ABC Schizophrenia Study : a preliminary overview of the results, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 33, 380-386.
- Halari, R., Hines, M., Kumari, V., Mehrotra, R., Wheeler, M., Ng, V., Sharma, T. 2005, Sex differences and individual differences in cognitive performance and their relationship to endogenous gonadal hormones and gonadotropins, Behavioral Neuroscience, 119, 104-17.
- Hall, J. A., Kimura, D. 1995, Sexual orientation and performance on sexually dimorphic motor tasks, Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 24, 395-407.
- Harasty, J., Double, K. L., Halliday, G. M., Kril, J. J. Mcritchie, D. A. 1997, Language-associated cortical regions are proportionally larger in the female brain, Archives of Neurology, 54, 171-176.
- Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N., Ernberg, G., Anker, M., Korten, A., Cooper, J. E., Day, R. Bertelsen, A. 1992, Schizophrenia : manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten-country study, Psychological Medicine, 20, 1-97.
- Jordan, K., Wustenberg, T., Heinze, H. J., Peters, M., Jancke, L. 2002, Women and men exhibit different cortical activation patterns during mental rotation tasks, Neuropsychologia, 40, 2397-2408.
- Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., Opler, L. A. 1987, The positive and negative syndrome scale PANSS for schizophrenia, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 261-276.
- Killgore, W. D., Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. 2001, Sex differences in amygdala activation during the perception of facial affect, Neuroreport, 12, 2543-2547.
- Kosaka, H., Omori, M., Murata, T., Iidaka, T., Yamada, H., Okada, T., Takahashi, T., Sadato, N., Itoh, H., Yonekura, Y. Wada, Y. 2002, Differential amygdala response during facial recognition in patients with schizophrenia : an fMRI study, Schizophrenia Research, 57, 87-95.
- Kring, A. M., Gordon, A. H. 1998, Sex differences in emotion : expression, experience, and physiology, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 686-703.
- Lane, R. D., Fink, G. R., Chau, P. M. Dolan, R. J. 1997, Neural activation during selective attention to subjective emotional responses, Neuroreport, 8, 3969-3972.
- Lane, R. D., Reiman, E. M., Axelrod, B., Yun, L. S., Holmes, A. Schwartz, G.?E. 1998, Neural correlates of levels of emotional awareness. Evidence of an interaction between emotion and attention in the anterior cingulate cortex, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 525-535
- Lauriello, J., Hoff, A., Wieneke, M. H., Blankfeld, H., Faustman, W. O., Rosenbloom, M., Dement, S., Sullivan, E. V., Lim, K. O., Pfefferbaum, A. 1997, Similar extent of brain dysmorphology in severely ill women and men with schizophrenia, American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 819-825.
- Moffat, S. D. Hampson, E. 1996, A curvilinear relationship between testosterone and spatial cognition in humans : possible influence of hand preference, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 21, 323-337.
- Murphy, D. G., Decarli, C., Mcintosh, A. R., Daly, E., Mentis, M. J., Pietrini, P., Szczepanik, J., Schapiro, M. B., Grady, C. L., Horwitz, B. Rapoport, S.?I. 1996, Sex differences in human brain morphometry and metabolism : an in vivo quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography study on the effect of aging, Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 585-594.
- Orozco, S., Ehlers, C.L. 1998, Gender differences in electrophysiological responses to facial stimuli, Biological Psychiatry, 44, 281-289.
- Paus, T., Otaky, N., Caramanos, Z., Macdonald, D., Zijdenbos, A., D’avirro, D., Gutmans, D., Holmes, C., Tomaiuolo, F., Evans, A. C. 1996, In vivo morphometry of the intrasulcal gray matter in the human cingulate, paracingulate, and superior-rostral sulci : hemispheric asymmetries, gender differences and probability maps, Journal of Comparative Neurology, 376, 664-673.
- Paradiso, S., Andreasen, N. C., Crespo-Facorro, B., O’leary, D. S., Watkins, G.?L., Boles Ponto, L. L., Hichwa, R. D. 2003, Emotions in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia during evaluation with positron emission tomography, American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1775-1783.
- Phillips, M. L., Williams, L., Senior, C., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Andrew, C., Williams, S. C., David, A. S. 1999, A differential neural response to threatening and non-threatening negative facial expressions in paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenics, Psychiatry Research, 92, 11-31.
- Reite, M., Sheeder, J., Teale, P., Adams, M., Richardson, D., Simon, J., Jones, R. H., Rojas, D. C. 1997, Magnetic source imaging evidence of sex differences in cerebral lateralization in schizophrenia, Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 433-440.
- Ring, N., Tantam, D., Montague, L., Newby, D., Black, D., Morris, J. 1991, Gender differences in the incidence of definite schizophrenia and atypical psychosis--focus on negative symptoms of schizophrenia, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 84, 489-496.
- Schlaepfer, T. E., Harris, G. J., Tien, A. Y., Peng, L., Lee, S., Pearlson, G. D. 1995, Structural differences in the cerebral cortex of healthy female and male subjects : a magnetic resonance imaging study, Psychiatry Research, 61, 129-135.
- Schneider, F., Habel, U., Kessler, C., Salloum, J. B., Posse, S. 2000, Gender differences in regional cerebral activity during sadness, Human Brain Mapping, 9, 226-238.
- Schultz, S. K., Miller, D. D., Oliver, S. E., Arndt, S., Flaum, M., Andreasen, N.?C. 1997, The life course of schizophrenia : age and symptom dimensions, Schizophrenia Research, 23, 15-23.
- Shtasel, D. L., Gur, R. E., Gallacher, F., Heimberg, C., Gur, R. C. 1992, Gender differences in the clinical expression of schizophrenia, Schizophrenia Research, 7, 225-231.
- Singer, T., Seymour, B., O’doherty, J., Kaube, H., Dolan, R.J., Frith, C. D. 2004, Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain, Science, 303, 1157-1162.
- Stip, E., Fahim, C., Ait Bentaleb, L., Mansour, B., Mendrek, A., Beauregard, M. 2005, Restoration of frontal activation during a treatment with quetiapine : an fMRI study of blunted affect in schizophrenia, Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology Biological Psychiatry, 29, 21-26.
- Szymanski, S., Lieberman, J. A., Alvir, J. M., Mayerhoff, D., Loebel, A., Geisler, S., Chakos, M., Koreen, A., Jody, D., Kane, J. 1995, Gender differences in onset of illness, treatment response, course, and biologic indexes in first-episode schizophrenic patients, American Journal Psychiatry, 152, 698-703.
- Takahashi, T., Suzuki, M., Kawasaki, Y., Hagino, H., Yamashita, I., Nohara, S., Nakamura, K., Seto, H., Kurachi, M. 2003, Perigenual cingulate gyrus volume in patients with schizophrenia : a magnetic resonance imaging study, Biological Psychiatry, 53, 593-600.
- Takahashi, T., Suzuki, M., Zhou, S.Y., Hagino, H., Kawasaki, Y., Yamashita, I., Nohara, S., Nakamura, K., Seto, H., Kurachi, M. 2004, Lack of normal gender differences of the perigenual cingulate gyrus in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A magnetic resonance imaging study, European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 254, 273-280.
- Taylor, S. F., Liberzon, I., Decker, L.R., Koeppe, R. A. 2002, A functional anatomic study of emotion in schizophrenia, Schizophrenia Research, 58, 159-172.
- Taylor, S. F., Phan, K., Britton, J. C., Liberzon, I. 2005, Neural response to emotional salience in schizophrenia, Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 984-995.
- Thomsen, T., Hugdahl, K., Ersland, L., Barndon, R., Lundervold, A., Smievoll, Ai., Roscher, B. E., Sundberg, H. 2000, Functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI study of sex differences in a mental rotation task, Medical Science Monitor, 6, 1186-1196.
- Wager, T. D., Phan, K. L., Liberzon, I., Taylor, S. F. 2003, Valence, gender, and lateralization of functional brain anatomy in emotion : a meta-analysis of findings from neuroimagin, Neuroimage, 19, 513-31.
- Weiss, E., Siedentopf, C. M., Hofer, A., Deisenhammer, E. A., Hoptman, M. J., Kremser, C., Golaszewski, S., Felber, S., Fleischhacker, W. W., Delazer, M. 2003, Sex differences in brain activation pattern during a visuospatial cognitive task : a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in healthy volunteers, Neuroscience Letter, 344, 169-172.
- Wild, B., Erb, M., Bartels, M. 2001, Are emotions contagious ? Evoked emotions while viewing emotionally expressive faces : quality, quantity, time course and gender differences, Psychiatry Research, 102, 109-124.
- Yamasaki, H., Labar, K.S., Mccarthy, G. 2002, Dissociable prefrontal brain systems for attention and emotion, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 99, 11447-11451.