Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article présente une revue bibliographique sur la désinfection des eaux de piscines par le brome, sur les mécanismes de formation et le mode d'action du désinfectant, l'acide hypobromeux. L'examen des principaux sous-produits de bromation (bromamines, trihalométhanes, acides haloacétiques, haloacétonitriles, haloaldéhydes, bromate, nitrosamines, etc.) montre que certains de ces sous-produits sont présents dans l'eau de piscine à des concentrations de quelques µg∙L-1 à quelques dizaines de µg∙L-1. L'étude de leur toxicité aiguë et chronique confirme que ces composés doivent être surveillés (en particulier l'acide dibromoacétique et le bromate) pour assurer la sécurité des nageurs et du personnel technique. D'autre part, l'étude de l'efficacité biocide du brome comparé au chlore, vis-à-vis des bactéries pathogènes présentes dans l'eau de piscine, démontre que les espèces de bactéries Escherichia coli et Enterococcus faecalis sont plus sensibles au brome, à la différence de Pseudomonas aeruginosa qui présente une plus grande résistance. De plus, sur le plan médical, plusieurs cas de dermatites de contact irritantes sont rapportés lors de l'utilisation du brome, même si certaines études révèlent que les bromamines sont non irritantes, inodores et désinfectantes. Cependant, le brome présente une plus grande activité bactéricide que le chlore dans des eaux légèrement alcalines et relativement chaudes et peut être alors une alternative au chlore dans le traitement des piscines atypiques, même s'il demeure beaucoup plus onéreux que le chlore.
Mots-clés :
- Brome,
- désinfection,
- sous-produit,
- activité bactéricide,
- toxicité
Abstract
This paper presents a bibliographical review on the disinfection of swimming pool water with bromine. The formation mechanisms and the mode of action of the disinfectant, hypobromous acid, are discussed. The review of the main bromination by-products (bromamines, trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, bromate, haloaldehydes, nitrosamines, etc.) shows that some of these by-products are present in pool water at concentrations of a few µg∙L-1 to a few tens of µg∙L-1. The study for acute and chronic toxicity confirms that these compounds should be monitored (especially dibromoacetic acid and bromate) to ensure the safety of swimmers and technical staff. The biocidal effectiveness of bromine versus chlorine, against pathogenic bacteria present in swimming water, is detailed. It has been shown that the bacterial species Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis are more sensitive to bromine, unlike Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is resistant to bromine. It has also been reported several cases of irritant contact dermatitis when using bromine though some studies have revealed bromamines to be disinfecting, odourless and non-irritating. Nevertheless, bromine exhibits greater bactericidal activity than chlorine in slightly alkaline and warm water and could replace chlorine in the treatment of atypical swimming pools, although chlorine is less costly than bromine.
Keywords:
- Bromine,
- disinfection,
- by-product,
- bactericidal activity,
- toxicity
Appendices
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