Abstracts
Abstract
The characteristics of greywater generated in two rural areas (“Barkoundba” and “Kologoudiessé”) located in the Sahelian region in Burkina Faso were assessed through observations in selected concessions, sample collection and laboratory analyses. The study aimed at characterizing the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of greywater in order to evaluate its reuse potential for gardening in rural areas. The results showed that greywater is generated from 3 to 4 main sources with average daily productions of 8 ± 1 L•capita‑1•d‑1 in “Barkoundba” and 13 ± 3 L•capita‑1•d‑1 in Kologoudiessé”. Despite these low rates, the average quantity of greywater production varied from 67 to 344 L•concession‑1•d‑1 during the dry season. This greywater can be collected to provide additional water for irrigation in home gardens of size varying from 10 to 43 m2. Shower activity is the major contributor of greywater with up to 56% in “Barkoundba” and 70% in “Kologoudiessé”. The qualitative assessment of the greywater streams showed that every source is contaminated with chemicals and microbial pollutants at levels not suitable for direct reuse in agriculture. Therefore, it is recommended to treat the greywater before its use for irrigation purposes. Based on World Health Organization (WHO) reuse guidelines, the treatment system should be able to remove bacteria by more than 2 log units and 4 log units if restricted and unrestricted irrigation are considered respectively. Since shower greywater is directly poured onto the ground, the treatment unit should be adapted to the shower room to allow shower greywater collection, in order to collect the required quantities for gardening. A slanted soil treatment system could be investigated. Hazards of a direct reuse are discussed for soils, plants and human health on the basis of the various qualitative parameters. However, an accurate risk assessment would require further investigations with the evaluation of the interannual variability of greywater quality.
Keywords:
- greywater,
- gardening,
- rural area,
- Sahelian region,
- agricultural reuse
Résumé
Les caractéristiques des eaux grises produites dans deux localités rurales (« Barkoundba » et « Kologoudiessé ») situées en zone sahélienne au Burkina Faso ont été évaluées à travers des observations dans des concessions sélectionnées, des échantillonnages et des analyses de laboratoire. L'étude visait à déterminer les caractéristiques qualitatives et quantitatives des eaux grises afin d'évaluer leur potentiel de réutilisation en agriculture en milieu rural. Les résultats ont montré que les eaux grises sont produites à partir de trois à quatre sources principales avec des productions moyennes de 8 ± 1 L•habitant‑1•j‑1 à « Barkoundba » et 13 ± 3 L•habitant‑1•j‑1 à « Kologoudiessé ». Malgré ces faibles taux, la quantité moyenne d’eaux grises produites a varié entre 67 et 344 L•concession‑1•j‑1 pendant la saison sèche. Ces eaux grises peuvent être collectées pour l'irrigation de jardins familiaux de taille variant entre 10 et 43 m2. La douche produit plus d’eaux grises avec des contributions de 56 % à « Barkoundba » et 70 % à « Kologoudiessé ». L'évaluation qualitative a montré que toutes les eaux sont contaminées par des polluants chimiques et microbiens à des niveaux ne permettant pas leur réutilisation directe en agriculture. C’est pourquoi il est recommandé de les traiter avant leur réutilisation. Sur la base des directives de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS), le système de traitement doit pouvoir éliminer plus de deux à quatre unités logarithmiques de bactéries selon que l’irrigation est restrictive ou non restrictive, respectivement. Comme les eaux grises des douches sont directement déversées sur le sol, l'unité de traitement devrait être reliée à la douche pour permettre la collecte et récupérer les quantités requises pour le jardinage. Un système de traitement « Slanted Soil » pourrait être envisagé. Les dangers d’une réutilisation directe pour les sols, les plantes et la santé humaine ont été discutés sur la base des multiples paramètres qualitatifs mesurés. Cependant, des mesures complémentaires, et notamment l’évaluation de la variabilité interannuelle de la qualité des eaux grises, seraient nécessaires dans la perspective d’une étude de risques.
Mots clés:
- eaux grises,
- jardinage,
- zone rurale,
- région sahélienne,
- réutilisation agricole
Appendices
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