Abstracts
Abstract
The underground waters in the Mamundiyar basin, India, present real chemical quality problems. Their fluoride content always exceeds the recommended levels. The Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method has been used for spatial interpolation of various key chemical parameters. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling was applied to understand the correlation and sensitivity of all chemical parameters with respect to fluorides. The correlation of all the considered parameters is found to be poor where the highest correlation observed was only 0.37. This result showed that four of the parameters, namely pH, chlorides, sulphates and calcium, were found to have greater capacity of influencing fluorides than the other eight parameters. Chlorides were found to be the parameter that was the most sensitive and most correlated to fluorides.
Keywords:
- Fluoride,
- Groundwater,
- Artificial Neural network,
- Inverse Distance Weighted,
- Mamundiyar basin
Résumé
Les eaux souterraines du bassin de Mamundiyar (Inde) présentent des problèmes avérés de qualité chimique. Leur teneur en fluorures dépasse toujours les valeurs recommandées. La méthode de la Pondération Inverse à la Distance (PID) a été utilisée pour interpoler spatialement différents paramètres chimiques. Une modélisation par réseaux de neurones artificiels a été ensuite appliquée pour comprendre les corrélations et niveaux de sensibilité de tous les paramètres chimiques par rapport aux fluorures. Il y a un faible degré de corrélation entre les paramètres, le plus grand coefficient étant seulement de 0,37. Les quatre paramètres qui influencent le plus les fluorures sont le pH, les chlorures, les sulfates et le calcium. La teneur en chlorures est le paramètre le plus corrélé aux fluorures.
Mots-clés :
- Fluorures,
- Eaux souterraines,
- Réseaux de neurones artificiels,
- Pondération Inverse à la Distance,
- Bassin de Mamundiyar
Appendices
References
- AHMED J.A. and A.K. SARMA (2005). Genetic algorithm for optimal operating policy of a multipurpose reservoir. J. Water Resour. Manage., 19, 145–161.10.1007/s11269-005-2704-7 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- APAMBIRE W.B., D.R. BOYLE and F.A. MICHEL (1997). Geochemistry, genesis and health implication of fluoriferous groundwater in the upper regions, Ghana. Environ. Geol., 33, 13-24.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ASCE Task Committee on Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Hydrology (2000). Artificial Neural Networks in Hydrology. I: Preliminary Concepts. J. Hydrol. Eng., 5, 115-123.10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2000)5:2(115) Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- BINBIN W., Z. BAOSHAN, W. HONGYANG, P. YAKUN and T. YUEHNA (2005). Dental carries in fluorine exposure areas in China. Environ. Geochem. Health, 27, 343-347.10.1007/s10653-004-4766-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) (2003). Drinking water specification IS: 10500, New Delhi, India.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- BURN D.H. and J.S. YULIANTI (2001). Waste-load allocation using genetic algorithms. J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage., ASCE, 127, 121-129.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2001)127:2(121) Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- DAR I.A, M.A. DAR and K. SANKAR (2009). Nitrate contamination in groundwater of Sopore town and its environs, Kashmir, India. Arabian J. Geosci., 3, 267-272.10.1007/s12517-009-0067-8 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- DAR I.A, K. SANKAR and M.A. DAR (2010a). Investigation of groundwater quality in hardrock terrain using Geoinformation System. Environ. Monitor. Assess., 176, 575-595.10.1007/s10661-010-1605-2 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- DAR I.A, K. SANKAR and M.A. DAR (2010b). Spatial assessment of groundwater quality in Mamundiyar basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ. Monitor. Assess., 178, 437-447.10.1007/s10661-010-1702-2 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- DAR M.A, K. SANKAR and I.A. DAR (2011). Fluoride contamination - A major challenge. Environ. Monitor. Assess., 173, 955-968.10.1007/s10661-010-1437-0 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- DAR I.A, K. SANKAR, S. TANZEEM SHAFI and M.A. DAR (2012). Hydrochemistry of groundwater of Thiruporur block, Tamil Nadu (India). Arabian J. Geosci., 5, 259-262.10.1007/s12517-010-0203-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- DISSANAYAKE C.B. (1991). The fluoride problem in the groundwater of Srilanka - Environment management and health. Int. J. Environ. Stud., 38, 137-156.10.1080/00207239108710658 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- DEUTSCH C.V. and A.G. JOURNEL (1998). GSLIB: Geostatistical Software Library and user’s guide (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press, New York, NY.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- DOMENICO P.A. and F.W. SCHWARTZ (1990). Physical and chemical hydrogeology.Wiley (Éditeur), New York, NY, USA, pp. 410-420.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- DREVER J.I. (1988). The geochemistry of natural waters (2nd ed.), Prentice-Hall, New York, NY, USA, 437 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- GOODMAN J.E., and J. O’ROURKE (Eds.) (1997). Handbook of discrete and computational geometry. Boca Raton, CRC Press, New York, NY, USA, 1539 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- GRIMALDO M.B., V.H. RAMIREZ, A.L. PONCE, M. ROSAS and F. DIAZ BARRIGA (1995). Endemic fluorosis in San-Luis, Potosi, Mexico. Identification of risk-factors associated with human exposures to Fluoride. Environ. Res., 68, 25-30.10.1006/enrs.1995.1004 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- HANDA B.K. (1975). Geochemistry and genesis of fluoride containing groundwater in India. Groundwater, 13, 278-281.10.1111/j.1745-6584.1975.tb03086.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- HARBAUGH J.W. and F.W. PRESTON (1968). Fourier analysis in geology. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, New York, NY, USA, pp. 218-238.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- HEM J.D. (1991). Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. Book 2254, 3rd ed., Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India, 263 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- JOHNSTON K., J.M.V. HOEF, K. KRIVORUCHKO and N. LUCAS (2001). Using ArcGIS geostatistical analyst. ESRI Press, Redlands, CA, USA, 48 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- KUNDU N., M.K. PANIGRAHI, S. TRIPATHY, S. MUNSHI, M. POWELL and B.R. HART (2001). Geochemical appraisal of fluoride contamination of groundwater in the Nayagarh district, Orissa, India. Environ. Geol., 41, 451-460.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- LAM N.S. (1983). Spatial interpolation methods: a review. Amer. Cartogr., 10, 129-149.10.1559/152304083783914958 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- LIXIN L. and P. REVESZ (2004). Interpolation methods for spatio-temporal geographic data. Comput. Environ. Urban Sys., 28, 201-227.10.1016/S0198-9715(03)00018-8 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- LLOYD J.W. and J.A. HEATHCOTE (1985). Natural inorganic hydrochemistry in relation to groundwater. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 296 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MEENAKSHI M. and C. MAHESHVERI (2006). Fluoride in drinking water and its removal. J. Hazard. Mater., 137, 456-463.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.024 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MAJUMDER M., R.N. BARMAN, B. JANA, P.K. ROY and A. MAZUMDAR (2009). Application of Neuro-Genetic Algorithm to determine reservoir response in different hydrologic adversaries. J. Soil Water Res., 4, 17-27.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- NORDSTORM D.K. and E.A. JENNY (1997). Fluorite solubility equilibria in selected geothermal waters. Geochem. Cosmochem. Acta, 41, 175-188.10.1016/0016-7037(77)90224-1 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- PIPER A. (1994). A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water analyses. Transac. Amer. Geophysical Union, 25, 83-90.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- SAXENA V.K. and S. AHMED (2003). Inferring the chemical parameters for the dissolution of fluoride in groundwater. Environ. Geol., 43,731-736.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- SHAJI E., B.J. VIJU and D.S. THAMBI (2007). High fluoride in groundwater of Palghat District, Kerala. Curr. Sci., 92, 240-246.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- SHEFFIELD C. (1985). Selecting band combinations from multispectral data. Photogram. Eng. Remot. Sens., 51, 681-687.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- SHOMAR B., G. MULLE, A. YAHYA, S. ASKAR and R. SANSUR (2004). Fluoride in groundwater soil and infused-black tea and the occurrence of dental fluorosis among the children of Gaza strip. J. Water Health, 2, 23-35.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- STUMM W. and J. MORGAN (1981). Aquatic chemistry (2nd ed.), Wiley, New York, NY, 1022 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- TIRUMALESH K., K. SHIVANNA and A.A JALIHAL (2007). Isotope hydrochemical approach to understand fluoride release into groundwaters of Ilkal area, Bagalkot District, Karnataka, India. Hydrogeol. J., 15, 589-598.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- USPHS (United States Public Health Services) (1987). Drinking water standards, Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- WANG Q.J. (1991). The genetic algorithm and its application to calibrating conceptual rainfall-runoff models. Water Resour. Res., 27, 2467-2471.10.1029/91WR01305 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- WARDLAW R. and M. SHARIF (1999). Evaluation of genetic algorithms for optimal reservoir system operation. J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage., 125, 25-33.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1999)125:1(25) Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- WHO (1971). International standards for drinking water. Geneva, Switzerland, 1, 53-73.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- WHO (1984). Guidelines for drinking water quality. Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- WHO (2004). Guidelines for drinking water quality. 3rd ed., Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ZHANG B., M. HONG, Y. ZHAO, X. LIN, X. ZHANG and J. DONG (2003). Distribution and risk assessment of fluoride in drinking water in the western plain region of Jilin province, China. Environ. Geochem. Health, 25, 421-31.10.1023/B:EGAH.0000004560.47697.91 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ZURFLUEH E.G. (1967). Applications of two-dimensional linear wavelength filtering. Geophysics, 32, 1015-1035.10.1190/1.1439905 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar