Abstracts
Résumé
Des floraisons de cyanobactéries sont répertoriées au lac Nairne (Charlevoix, Québec) depuis 2001. Ces éclosions sont un symptôme de l’eutrophisation du lac qui découle de l’enrichissement par des nutriments, dont le phosphore. Une étude réalisée en 2005 indiquait qu’une partie importante de la charge en phosphore du lac Nairne provenait des sédiments. Dans le but de permettre aux décideurs d’inclure les apports internes dans l’élaboration de leur plan de restauration, la charge interne du lac Nairne a été quantifiée au cours de l’été 2010. Pour ce faire, deux méthodes ont été employées. La méthode 1 consiste à calculer un taux de libération à partir des concentrations de matière organique et de deux fractions de phosphore dans les sédiments et de le multiplier par un facteur anoxique, qui tient compte de la durée de la période d'anoxie et de la surface impliquée. Avec la méthode 2, la charge interne de phosphore est déduite à l’aide d’un suivi des concentrations de phosphore total dans la colonne d’eau. Les résultats démontrent que les sédiments de surface de la partie la plus profonde du lac présentaient une concentration moyenne de phosphore total de 2,17 ± 0,04 mg•g-1 de poids sec. La concentration de phosphore total de l’eau de l’hypolimnion (à 11 m de profondeur) est passée de 28 µg•L-1 le 27 juillet à 200 µg•L-1 le 8 septembre. Cette étude a permis d’établir que la charge interne de phosphore du lac Nairne se situe entre 83 et 170 mg•m-2 par été.
Mots-clés :
- Phosphore,
- sédiments,
- lac stratifié,
- eutrophisation,
- charge interne de phosphore,
- lac Nairne
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms have been recorded in Lake Nairne (Charlevoix, Quebec) since 2001. These blooms are a symptom of the lake’s eutrophication caused by nutrient enrichment. In 2005, a study suggested that a significant portion of Lake Nairne’s phosphorus loading originates from the lake’s bottom sediments. The goal of this study was to estimate Lake Nairne’s internal phosphorus loading so that local water management authorities could consider this phosphorus source in their lake restoration plan. The internal phosphorus load of Lake Nairne was estimated using two methods during the summer of 2010. First, phosphorus release rates were calculated based on the concentrations of two phosphorus fractions and organic matter in the sediments. Release rates were then multiplied by an anoxic factor, which represents the active release area and period. The second method yields an internal load estimate using the variation of total phosphorus concentrations in the water column throughout the summer of 2010. The mean total phosphorus concentration of the sediments in the deepest part of the lake basin was 2.17 ± 0.04 mg•g-1 dry weight. Total phosphorus concentration in the hypolimnion (at a depth of 11 m) rose significantly from 28 µg•L-1 on July 27th to 200 µg•L-1 on 8th September 2010. Based on the different methods, the internal phosphorus load of Lake Nairne was estimated to range between 83 and 170 mg•m-2•summer-1.
Keywords:
- Phosphorus,
- sediments,
- stratified lake,
- eutrophication,
- phosphorus internal load,
- Lake Nairne
Appendices
Références bibliographiques
- ARVISAIS M., S. PELLETIER, A. VALLIÈRES et P. PETTIGREW (2005). Diagnose écologique du lac Nairne. Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, Gouvernement du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada, 5 p.10.1007/BF00024907 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- BOSTRÖM B., J.M. ANDERSEN, S. FLEISHER et M. JANSSON (1988). Exchange of phosphorus across the sediment-water interface. Hydrobiologia, 170, 229-244.10.1007/BF00024907 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- CARLSON R.E. (1977). Trophic state index for lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr., 22, 361-369.10.4319/lo.1977.22.2.0361 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- CARRIER D. (1981). Étude pédologique de la région de Charlevoix. Direction générale de la recherche agricole. Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l’Alimentation, Gouvernement du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada, 92 p.10.1007/BF00050734 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- CENTRE D’EXPERTISE EN ANALYSE ENVIRONNEMENTALE DU QUÉBEC (2008). Détermination du phosphore total dans les eaux naturelles : minéralisation au persulfate; méthode colorimétrique automatisée; procédures adaptées pour le phosphore en teneur élevée et à l’état de trace, MA. 303 – P 5.0, Rév. 3, Ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement et des Parcs, Gouvernement du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada, 29 p.10.1139/f75-178 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- CHRISTOPHORIDIS C. et K. FYTIANOS (2006). Conditions affecting the release of phosphorus from surface lake sediments. J. Environ. Qual., 35, 1181-1192.10.2134/jeq2005.0213 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- DE MONTIGNY C. et Y.T. PRAIRIE (1993). The relative importance of biological and chemical processes in the release of phosphorus from a highly organic sediment. Hydrobiologia, 253, 141-150.10.1007/BF00050734 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- DILLON P.J. et F.H. RIGLER (1975). A simple method for predicting capacity of a lake for development based on lake trophic status. J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 32, 1519-1531.10.1139/f75-178 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ENVIRONNEMENT CANADA (2002). Guide d’échantillonnage des sédiments du Saint-Laurent pour les projets de dragage et de génie maritime. Volume 2 : Manuel du praticien de terrain. Environnement Canada, Direction de la Protection de l’environnement, Région du Québec, Section innovation technologique et secteurs industriels. Rapport, 107 p.10.4319/lom.2007.5.433 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ENVIRONNEMENT CANADA (2011). Archives nationales d'information et de données climatologiqueshttp://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/Welcome_f.html (consultation le 31 mars 2011).10.4319/lom.2007.5.445 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- GOLTERMAN H.L. (2004). The chemistry of phosphate and nitrogen compounds in sediments. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, États-Unis, 251 p.10.4319/lo.1971.16.2.0387 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- GOUVERNEMENT DU QUÉBEC (1980). Gîtes minéraux du Québec, Laurentie – Saguenay [document cartographique]. Feuille Baie-Saint-Paul 21M, 1:250 000. Direction générale de l’Exploration géologique et minérale, Ministère de l’Énergie et des Ressources du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada.10.4319/lo.1987.32.5.1160 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- GOUVERNEMENT DU QUÉBEC (1990). La Malbaie [Carte numérique des dépôts de surface]. Feuille 21M/09. 1:50 000, Édition 3. Division des inventaires forestiers, Ministère de l’Énergie et des Ressources, Québec, QC, Canada.10.1139/f88-054 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- GRENIER M. et R. TREMBLAY (2011). Évaluation de l’intégrité écologique des tributaires et de l’émissaire du lac Nairne. Rapport préparé par CIMA+ pour la Municipalité de Saint-Aimé-des-Lacs. 35 p + annexes.10.1016/S0380-1330(91)71348-8 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- HEIRI O., A.F. LOTTER et G. LEMCKE (2001). Loss-on-ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. J. Paleolimnol., 25, 101-110.10.1023/A:1008119611481 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- HUPFER M. et J. LEWANDOWSKI (2008). Oxygen controls the phosphorus release from lake sediments - a long-lasting paradigm in limnology. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol., 93, 415-432.10.1002/iroh.200711054 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- JEPPESEN E., M. SONDERGAARD, J.P. JENSEN, K.E. HAVENS, O. ANNEVILLE, L. CARVALHO, M.F. COVENEY, R. DENEKE, M.T. DOKULIL, B. FOY, D. GERDEAUX, S.E. HAMPTON, S. HILT, K. KANGUR, J. KOHLER, E.H.H.R LAMMENS, T.L. LAURIDSEN, M. MANCA, M.R. MIRACLE, B. MOSS, P. NOGES, G. PERSSON, G. PHILLIPS, R. PORTIELJE, C.L. SCHELSKE, D. STRAILE, I. TATRAI, E. WILLEN et M. WINDER (2005). Lake response to reduced nutrient loading – an analysis of contemporary long-term data from 35 case studies. Freshwater Biol., 50, 1747-1771.10.1080/00357520903458848 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- LABRECQUE V. (en préparation). Caractérisation des apports en phosphore au lac Nairne. Mémoire de maîtrise. Univ. Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.10.1029/2003WR002410 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- LARSEN D.P., D.W. SCHULTZ et K.W. MALUEG (1981). Summer internal phosphorus supplies in Shagawa Lake, Minnesota. Limnol. Oceanogr., 26, 740-753.10.4319/lo.1981.26.4.0740 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- LUKKARI K., H. HARTIKAINEN et M. LEIVUORI (2007a). Fractionation of sediment phosphorus revisited: I. Fractionation steps and their biogeochemical basis. Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods, 5, 433-444.10.4319/lom.2007.5.433 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- LUKKARI K., M. LEIVUORI et H. HARTIKAINEN (2007b). Fractionation of sediment phosphorus revisited: II. Changes in phosphorus fractions during sampling and storing in the presence of oxygen. Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods, 5, 445-456.10.4319/lom.2007.5.445 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MINISTÈRE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE, DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT ET DES PARCS (2010). Données climatiques [carte numérique]. Direction du Patrimoine écologique et des Parcs. Gouvernement du Québec, QC, Canada.10.1126/science.184.4139.897 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT (1993). Guidelines for the protection and management of aquatic sediment quality in Ontario. Gouvernement de l’Ontario, Log 92-2309-067, Toronto, ON, Canada, 24 p.10.1080/02757540600579730 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MORTIMER C.H. (1971). Chemical exchanges between sediments and water in great lakes - speculations on probable regulatory mechanisms. Limnol. Oceanogr., 16, 387-404.10.4319/lo.1971.16.2.0387 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MRC DE CHARLEVOIX-EST (2010). Rôle d’évaluation municipale [Format numérique].Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- NÜRNBERG G.K. (1985). Availability of phosphorus upwelling from iron-rich anoxic hypolimnia. Arch. Hydrobiol,. 104, 459-476.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- NÜRNBERG G.K. (1987). A comparison of internal phosphorus loads in lakes with anoxic hypolimnia - laboratory incubation versusin situ hypolimnetic phosphorus accumulation. Limnol. Oceanogr., 32, 1160-1164.10.4319/lo.1987.32.5.1160 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- NÜRNBERG G.K. (1988). Prediction of phosphorus release rates from total and reductant-soluble phosphorus in anoxic lake sediments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 45, 453-462.10.1139/f88-054 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- NÜRNBERG G.K. (1991). Phosphorus from internal sources in the Laurentian Great Lakes, and the concept of threshold external load. J. Great Lakes Res., 17, 132-140.10.1016/S0380-1330(91)71348-8 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- NÜRNBERG G.K. (1995). Quantifying anoxia in lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr., 40, 1100-1111.10.4319/lo.1995.40.6.1100 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- NÜRNBERG G.K. (1996). Trophic state of clear and colored, soft- and hardwater lakes with special consideration of nutrients, anoxia, phytoplankton and fish. Lake Reserv. Manage., 12, 432-447.10.1080/07438149609354283 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- NÜRNBERG G.K. (2009). Assessing internal phosphorus load - Problems to be solved. Lake Reserv. Manage., 25, 419 - 432.10.1080/00357520903458848 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- NÜRNBERG G.K. et B.D. LAZERTE (2004). Modeling the effect of development on internal phosphorus load in nutrient-poor lakes. Water Resour. Res., 40, 1-9.10.1029/2003WR002410 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- OSTROFSKY M.L. (1987). Phosphorus species in the surficial sediments of lakes of eastern North-America. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 44, 960-966.10.1139/f87-114 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- PERRONE U., A. FACCHINELLI et E. SACCHI (2008). Phosphorus dynamics in a small eutrophic Italian lake. Water Air Soil Pollut., 189, 335-351.10.1007/s11270-007-9551-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- PIENITZ, R. et W.F. VINCENT (2003). Generic approaches towards water quality monitoring based on paleolimnology. Dans: Freshwater Management- Global versus Local Perspectives, Kumagai, M. et W.F. Vincent (Éditeurs), pp. 61-82. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo/Berlin.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- PIENITZ R., K. ROBERGE et W.F. VINCENT (2006). Three hundred years of human-induced change in an urban lake: paleolimnological analysis of Lac Saint-Augustin, Québec City, Canada. Can. J. Bot., 84, 303-320.10.1139/b05-152 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- POURRIOT R. et M. MEYBECK (1995). Limnologie générale. Masson, Paris, France, 956 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- SCHINDLER D.W. (1974). Eutrophication and recovery in experimental lakes: implications for lake management. Science, 184, 897-899.10.1126/science.184.4139.897 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- SMOL J.P. (2008). Pollution of lakes and river. Deuxième edition, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, Royaume-Uni, 383 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- SMOLDERS A.J.P., L.P.M. LAMERS, E.C.H.E.T. LUCASSEN, G. VAN DER VELDE et J.G.M. ROELOFS (2006). Internal eutrophication: How it works and what to do about it - a review. Chem. Ecol., 22, 93-111.10.1080/02757540600579730 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- SORANNO P.A., S.R. CARPENTER et R.C. LATHROP (1997). Internal phosphorus loading in Lake Mendota: response to external loads and weather. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 54, 1883-1893.10.1139/cjfas-54-8-1883 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- TREMBLAY R. (2005). Bilan du suivi limnologique et recommandations pour freiner l’eutrophisation accélérée du lac Nairne et minimiser l’impact de ses symptômes pour les villégiateurs. Robert Hamelin et associés, QE841-04-038, Lévis, QC, Canada, 27 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- TREMBLAY R., S. LÉGARÉ, R. PIENITZ, W.F. VINCENT, et R.I. HALL (2001). Étude paléolimnologique de l’histoire trophique du lac Saint-Charles, reservoir d’eau potable de la Communauté urbaine de Québec. Rev. Sci. Eau, 14, 489-510.
10.7202/705429ar Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- WETZEL R.G. (2001). Limnology. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, 1006 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
