Abstracts
Résumé
Les différentes techniques d’extraction d’huile d’olive aboutissent à la formation des margines en quantités variables, allant de 400 à 500 L•t‑1 d’olives pour les unités traditionnelles et une tonne de margines•t‑1 d’olives pour les unités modernes.
L’objectif de notre travail est de montrer la faisabilité du traitement des margines par la technique d’infiltration-percolation sur filtre à sable et d’étudier l’effet de la dilution des margines par des eaux usées urbaines à 50 % sur la stimulation de la biodégradation dans le filtre et sur les performances épuratoires de cette technique. Les effluents testés ont un pH très acide (4,93) et sont très chargés en matières organiques, en demande chimique en oxygène (DCO) (28 g d’O2•L‑1) et en polyphénols (1,42 g•L‑1). Après dilution à 50 % par les eaux usées urbaines, le pH augmente à 5,01, la DCO et les polyphénols diminuent respectivement à 25,58 g d’O2•L‑1 et 1,39 g•L‑1. Le traitement des margines brutes par le filtre à sable a permis une élimination de 36 % de la DCO brute, 33 % de la DCO dissoute, 53 % des polyphénols, 67 % de l’azote Kjeldahl (NTK) et 75 % de l’azote ammoniacal. Les essais de percolation des margines mélangées à 50 % avec les eaux usées urbaines dans une colonne de sable montrent une amélioration de l’efficacité quant à l’élimination de la DCO brute (76 %), de la DCO dissoute (92 %), des polyphénols (90 %), de NTK (50 %) et de l’ammonium (87 %).
Mots clés:
- margines,
- eaux usées urbaines,
- infiltration sur sable,
- polyphénols,
- matière organique,
- azote
Abstract
Industrial olive oil production is of fundamental economic importance for many countries from the Mediterranean Sea. However, during olive oil production, large amounts of polluted waters, known as olive mill wastewaters (OMW), are generated. Discharge of this effluent into receiving waters without treatment leads to serious environmental problems in these countries. Many studies have been undertaken to find efficient treatment systems and several techniques have been tested, but there have been few studies investigating sand filters for this type of effluent. The purpose of this work was to test the suitability of sand filters to treat olive mill wastewater, specifically by a 50% dilution of OMW with domestic wastewater. Results show that the initial OMW had an acidic pH (4.93) due to the presence of substances such as phenolic acids and fatty acids. The electrical conductivity was very low (9.6 mS•cm‑1) compared to that reported from urban effluents in Marrakech (Morocco). This OMW contained high amounts of phenolic substances (1.42 g•L‑1), total Chemical Oxygen Demand (28 g COD•L‑1) and dissolved Chemical Oxygen Demand (18 g COD•L‑1). During the first week, the treatment of the raw OMW with a sand filter allowed an increase of pH (from 4.93 to 7) and electrical conductivity (from 10.2 to 15.4 mS•cm‑1), and a reduction of the following parameters: total COD (36%), dissolved COD (33%), phenol contents (53%), total Kjeldahl nitrogen NTK (67%) and ammonium (75%). In a sand column, percolation of diluted OMW with domestic wastewater allowed an increase of pH (8.03) and significantly improved the removal efficiency of total COD (76%), dissolved COD (92%), phenols (90%), NTK (50%) and ammonium (87%).
Key words:
- olive mill wastewater,
- treatment,
- sand filter,
- domestic wastewater,
- phenols,
- organic matter,
- nitrogen
Appendices
Références bibliographiques
- ACHAK A., N. OUAZZANI, A. YAACOUBI et L. MANDI (2008). Caractérisation des margines issues d’une huilerie moderne et essai de leur traitement par coagulation‑floculation par la chaux et le sulfate d’aluminium. Rev. Sci. Eau, 21, 53-57.10.1021/jf034944u Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- AFNOR (1983). Recueil de normes françaises : eau, méthodes d’essai, 2e édition, Paris, France, 621 p.10.1016/j.bej.2007.08.005 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ALLOUCHE N., I. FKI et S. SAYADI (2004). Toward a high yield recovery of antioxidants and purified hydroxytyrosol from olive mill wastewaters. J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 267-273.10.1021/jf034944u Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ANNE (1945). Dosage rapide du carbone organique des sols. Ann., Agr. 2., 161-172.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.064 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- APHA (1992). American Public Health Association 1992. Standard methods for analysis of waste and wastewater. 18e édition, APHA, Washington, DC, USA.10.1016/j.procbio.2005.06.008 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- AUBERT G. (1978). Méthodes d’analyse des sols. Éditions C.R.D.P., Marseille, France, 360 p.10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.054 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Azbar N., T. Keskinet et E.C. Catalkaya (2008). Improvement in anaerobic degradation of olive mill effluent (OME) by chemical pretreatment using batch systems. Biochem. Eng. J., 38, 379-383.10.1016/j.bej.2007.08.005 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- BALICE V., C. CARRIERI, O. CERA et B. RINDON (1988). The fate of tannin-like compounds from olive mill effluents in biological treatment. Dans : Proceedings of the FifthInternational Symposium: On Anaerobic Digestion. Hall E.R. et P.N. Hobson (Éditeurs). Bologne, Academic Press, Italie, pp. 275-280.10.1021/jf020887d Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- BONZONGO J.C.J. (1990). Phosphore et sédiment : Méthode d’analyse, stockage, relargage et biodisponibilité. Thèse de 3e cycle, Université de Rennes I, UER Science de la vie et de l’Environ., 197 p.10.1016/j.solener.2004.03.030 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- BORJA R., C.J. BANKS et J. ALBA (1995). A simplified method for determination of kinetic parameters to describe the aerobic biodegradation of two important phenolic constituents of olive mill wastewater treatment by a heterogeneous microbial culture. Environ. Sci. Health A, 30, 607-626.10.1080/10934529509376220 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- BRISSAUD F. (1987). Les procédés du géo-assainissement. Dans : Pollution et Environnement des Eaux Souterraines. Protection et Problèmes d’Assainissement. AGSO‑VERSEAU (Éditeur), Montpellier, France, 7-8-9 octobre, pp. 153‑204.10.1007/BF02921667 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- BRISSAUD F., F. LEFVRE, C. JOSEPH, Z. ALAMY et A. LANDRAU (1989). Wastewater infiltration percolation for aquifer recharge or water reuse. Dans : Proceedings of Benidorm Symposium “Ground Water Management: Quantity and Quality”, IAHS Publ., 188 p.10.1016/S1383-5866(03)00148-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Cañizares P., J. Lobato, R. Paz, M.A. Rodrigo et C. Sáez (2007). Advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of olive oil mills wastewater. Chemosphere, 67, 832-838.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.064 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- CAMURATI F., A. Lanzani, A. Arpino, C. Ruffo et E. Fedeli (1984). Le acque di vegetazione della lavorazione delle olive: tecnologie de economie di recupero di sottoprodotti. Riv. Ital. Sostanze Grasse, 61, 283-292.10.1016/j.watres.2006.03.023 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- DHOUBI A., F. ALOUI, N. HAMAD, S. SAYADI (2006). Pilot-plant treatment of olive mill waterwaters by phanerochaete chrysosporium coupled to anaerobic digestion and ultrafiltration. Process. Biochem., 41, 159-167.10.1016/j.procbio.2005.06.008 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- DOMMERGUES Y. (1971). Interrelations sans caractère symbiotique entre la végétation et la microflore du sol : « l’effet litière ». Dans : La vie dans les sols : aspects nouveaux, études expérimentales. Gauthier-Villars (Éditeurs), Paris, France, pp. 423-471.10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.05.015 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
El Hajjouji H., F. Barje, E. Pinelli, J.‑R. Bailly, C. Richard, P. Winterton, J.‑C. Revel et M. Hafidi (2008). Photochemical UV/TiO2 treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW). Bioresour. Technol., 99, 7264-7269.10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.054 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- FAO (2003). Graines, noix et amandes oléagineuses. FAO Bull. Stat., 4, 75 p.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.019 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- FIESTAS ROS URSINOS J.A., G.R. NAVARRO, A.J. GARCIA et G.M. MAESTRO (1983). Épuration des margines par digestion anaérobie en vue de leur utilisation comme source d’énergie. Valorisation des sous-produits de l’olivier. Rapport. (Réunion du Groupe de Travail sur la Valorisation des Sous-Produits de l’Olivier, Madrid (Espagne), 17 novembre 1983, Rome, FAO. (Rapport FAO-AGP--RER/83/002), pp. 131-139.10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00783-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- FILIDEI S., G. Masciandro et B. Ceccanti (2003). Anaerobic digestion of olive oil mill effluents: Evaluation of wastewater, the organic load and phytotoxicity reduction. Water, Air Soil Pollut., 145, 79‑94.10.1023/A:1023619927495 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- FIORENTINO A., A. GENTILI, M. ISIDORI, P. MONACO, A. NARDELLI, A. PANELLA et T. FABIO (2003). Environmental effects caused by olive mill waste waters: Toxicity comparison of low-molecular-weight phenol compounds. J. Agr. Food Chem., 51, 1005-1009.10.1021/jf020887d Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Gernjak W., M.I. Maldonado, S. Malato, J. Cáceres, T Krutzler, A. Glaser et R. Bauer (2004). Pilot-plant treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW) by solar TiO2 photocatalysis and solar photo-Fenton. Solar Energ., 77, 567-572.10.1016/j.solener.2004.03.030 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- GILBERT R.G., J.C. LANCE et J.B. MILLER (1979). Denitrifying bacteria populations and nitrogen removal in soil columns intermittently flooded with secondary sewage effluent. J. Environ. Qual., 8, 101-104.10.2134/jeq1979.00472425000800010022x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- HAMDI M. (1992). Toxicity and biodegradability of olive mill wastewater in batch anaerobic digestion. Appl. Biotechnol., 2, 155-163.10.1007/BF02921667 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- HENIN (1969). Les bases de la production végétale, Tome I : le sol. Dans : soltner D. (1990) Phytotechnie générale. 18e édition, Collection Sciences et Techniques agricoles, 466 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- INAN I., A. DIMOGLO, H. SIMSEK et M. KARPUZCU (2004). Olive mill wastewater treatment by means of electro‑coagulation, Sep. Purif. Technol., 36, 23-31.10.1016/S1383-5866(03)00148-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- JAOUANI A., M. VANTHOURNHOUT et M.J. PENNINCKX (2005). Olive oil mill wastewater purification by combination of coagulation-flocculation and biological treatments. Environ. Technol., 26, 633-641.10.1080/09593330.2001.9619503 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- KHOUFI S., F. ALOUI et S. SAYADI (2006). Treatment of olive oil mill wastewater by combined process electro-Fenton reaction and anaerobic digestion. Water Res., 40, 2007-2016.10.1016/j.watres.2006.03.023 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Khoufi S., F. Aloui et S. Sayadi (2008). Extraction of antioxidants from olive mill wastewater and electro-coagulation of exhausted fraction to reduce its toxicity on anaerobic digestion. J. Hazard. Mater., 151, 531-539.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.06.017 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- LÉGER C.L. (1999). Co-produits de l’huilerie d’olive : les composés phénoliques et leurs propriétés biologiques. Oléagineux Corps Gras Lipides (OCL), 6, 60-63.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- LONGE O. (1989). Épuration des eaux usées par infiltration : Mécanismes de décontamination et protection des eaux souterraines. Thèse de Doctorat. Université des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, France, 353 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Macheix J.J., A. Flauriet et J.A. Billot (1990). Fruit phenolics. CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 378 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MEKKI A., A. DHOUIB et S. SAYADI (2007). Polyphénols dynamics and phytotoxicity in a soil amended by olive mill wastewaters, J. Environ. Manage., 84, 134-140.10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.05.015 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MORENO E., J. PEREZ, A. RAMOS-CORMENZANA et J. MARTINEZ (1987). Antimicrobial effect of waste water from olive oil extraction plants selecting soil bacteria after incubation with diluted waste. Microbios, 51, 169-174.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- OHLINGER R. (1995). Soil respiration by titration. Dans : Methods in Soil Biology. Schinner F., R. OHLINGER, E. KANDELER et R. MARGESIN (Éditeurs), Springer, Berlin, Allemagne, pp. 95-98.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- OUAZZANI N. (1998). Traitement extensif des eaux usées sous climat aride en vue d’une réutilisation en agriculture. Thèse de Doctorat, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Maroc, 221 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- PELL M. et F. NYBERG (1989). Infiltration of wastewater in a newly started pilot sand-filter system : III. Transformation of nitrogen. J. Environ. Qual., 18, 463-467.10.2134/jeq1989.00472425001800040011x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Ranalli A. (1991). L’effluent des huileries d’olive : Propositions en vue de son épuration. Références aux normes italiennes en la matière. Première partie. Olivae, 37, 30-39.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
Rodier J. (1984). L’analyse de l’eau : eaux naturelles, eaux résiduaires, eau de mer, 7e édition, DUNOD, BORDAS (Éditeurs), Paris, France, 1365 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- SAADI I., Y. LAOR, M. RAVIV et S. MEDINA (2007). Land spreading of olive mill wastewater: Effect on soil microbial activity and potential phytotoxicity, Chemosphere, 66, 75-83.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.019 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- SAYADI S. et R. ELLOUZ (1995). Roles of lignin peroxidise and manganese peroxidise from phanerochaete chrysosporium in the decolorization of olive mill wastewaters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61, 1098-1103.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- SECE (2003-2004). Secrétaire d’état chargé de l’environnement. Rapport (2003-2004), 50 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- SIERRA J., E. MARTI, G. MONTSERRAT, R. CRUANAS et M.A. GARAU (2001). Characterisation and evolution of a soil affected by olive oil mill wastewater disposal, Sci. Total Environ., 279, 207-214.10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00783-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- YESILADA O., K. FISKIN et E. YESILADA (1995). The use of the white rot fungus funalia trogii (Malatya) for the decolorization and phenol removal from olive mill wastewater. Environ. Technol., 16, 95-100.10.1080/09593331608616250 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
ZENJARI B. (2002). Étude écotoxicologique des effluents liquides des huileries de la ville de Marrakech : impact sur les milieux récepteurs et détoxication. Thèse de Doctorat, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Maroc, 149 p.10.1128/aem.61.3.1098-1103.1995 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ZENJARI B. et A. NEJMEDDINE (2001). Impact of spreading olive mill wastewater on soil characteristics: Laboratory experiments, Agronomie, 21, 749-755.10.1051/agro:2001163 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ZOUARI N. et R. ELLOUZ (1996). Microbial consortia for the aerobic degradation of aromatic compounds in olive mill effluent. J. Indust. Microbiol., 16, 152-162.10.1007/BF01569998 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar