Abstracts
Résumé
Les organismes aquatiques de l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent (ESL) et du fjord du Saguenay (FS) sont exposés à des mélanges complexes de composés toxiques pouvant avoir un impact sur les populations, seuls ou en interaction avec d’autres facteurs environnementaux. L’objectif de cet article est de résumer l’information sur les effets biologiques des contaminants dans l’ESL et le FS obtenue à l’aide de poissons sentinelles. Trois études de cas démontrent la complémentarité de l’information obtenue avec différentes espèces. Les études sur l’anguille d’Amérique (Anguilla rostrata) montrent comment des poissons migrateurs peuvent être un vecteur important de contamination pour les prédateurs de haut niveau trophique de l’ESL. Des lésions prénéoplasiques au foie chez les anguilles en migration, probablement liées à une exposition aux hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) sur leurs aires de croissance, sont un exemple d’effet à long terme de contaminants qui ne persistent pas dans les tissus des poissons. La présence d’adduits à l’ADN a été démontrée chez les poulamons atlantiques (Microgadus tomcod) résidents dans l’ESL et permet de comparer les niveaux d’exposition aux HAP génotoxiques entre l’ESL et d’autres estuaires de la côte Atlantique. Les études sur le poulamon ont aussi révélé une interaction entre leur période de jeûne hivernal et les produits organiques persistants (POP) menant à une augmentation transitoire des concentrations de POP dans le foie et à une dysfonction hépatique. Des échantillonnages sur le terrain, couplés à des expositions en cages in situ et à des expériences en laboratoire, ont permis de mettre évidence chez des plies canadiennes (Hipoglossoides platessoides) exposées à des sédiments contaminés de la baie des Anglais, des altérations immunitaires causant une augmentation de la susceptibilité aux maladies infectieuses. Les futures études devraient poursuivre le développement de biomarqueurs pour différents groupes de contaminants et les utiliser chez des espèces de poissons clés, à des stades sensibles de leur cycle de vie, en combinant différentes approches expérimentales multistresseurs à des études de surveillance sur le terrain.
Mots clés:
- estuaire du Saint-Laurent,
- biomarqueurs,
- composés organiques,
- hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques,
- biphényles polychlorés,
- anguille d’Amérique,
- poulamon Atlantique,
- plie canadienne
Abstract
Aquatic organisms in the St. Lawrence Estuary (SLE) and the Saguenay Fjord (SF) are exposed to complex mixtures of toxic compounds which can have deleterious impacts on populations, alone or in combination with other environmental factors. The purpose of this paper is to summarize information about biological effects of contaminants in the SLE and SF obtained using sentinel fish species. Three case studies demonstrate the complementary nature of the information acquired using different sentinel species. Studies in American eel (Anguilla rostrata) show how migratory fish can be an important vector of contamination for high level predators in the SLE. Preneoplastic liver lesions in migrating eels, likely related to an exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in their growing areas, are an example of a long-term effect of contaminants which do not persist in fish tissues. DNA adducts were detected in resident SLE Atlantic tomcod (Microgadus tomcod) and can be used to compare the level of exposure to genotoxic PAHs between the SLE and other estuaries of the Atlantic coast. Studies in tomcod have also revealed an interaction between their winter fasting period and persistent organic compounds (POPs) leading to a transitory increase in concentrations of POPs in the liver and to hepatic dysfunction. Field samplings in association to in situ cage exposures and laboratory experiments have been used in American plaice (Hipoglossoides platessoides) exposed to contaminated sediments from Baie des Anglais, to demonstrate immune alterations causing increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. Future studies on biological effects of contaminants in fish in the SLE and SF should pursue the development of biomarkers for different groups of contaminants, and use them in key fish species, sampled at critical stages of their life cycle, in studies combining different multistressors experimental approaches to field monitoring.
Keywords:
- St. Lawrence Estuary,
- Fish,
- biomarkers,
- Organic compounds,
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
- Polychlorinated biphenyls,
- American eel,
- Atlantic tomcod,
- American plaice
Appendices
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