Abstracts
Résumé
Cet écrit se veut une synthèse des principales trouvailles afférentes aux études de terrain conduites annuellement de 1997 à 2006 en zones intertidales du fjord du Saguenay, et de celles situées autour de sa confluence avec l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent, dans le but de mieux comprendre les stress anthropiques auxquels est soumise la mye commune (Mya arenaria), bivalve ubiquiste de ces habitats sédimentaires. À l’aide d’une batterie variée de biomarqueurs, lesquels ont fait l’objet de mesures chez l’animal entier, certains de ses tissus ou cellules, nous avons pu mettre en évidence divers effets écotoxiques qui sont vraisemblablement imputables aux sources (urbaines, industrielles, portuaires, diffuses ou atmosphériques) de contamination chimique impactant le Saguenay. Dépendant du site et de ses caractéristiques pollutionnelles, nous avons noté des dérèglements de santé chez la mye qui incluent des effets sur son système reproducteur (divers types de perturbation endocrine associés aux substances estrogéniques, aux métaux ou aux TBT), sur son système immunitaire (stimulation ou dépression d’immunocompétence jaugée par la capacité de phagocytose d’hémocytes), ainsi que des effets cumulatifs de polluants qui se traduisent par des réponses, à la hausse ou à la baisse, de biomarqueurs de défenses (e.g., métallothionéines, CYP1A1, glutathione S-transférases), de dommages (e.g., augmentation de brins d’ADN, augmentation de l’activité de cyclo-oxygénase témoignant d’inflammation, peroxydation des lipides) et morphologiques (e.g., inhibition de croissance, baisse d’indice gonado-somatique). Nous démontrons aussi une plus grande dépense en énergie au niveau mitochondrial (transport d’électrons mitochondrial dans la gonade ou glande digestive) chez les myes de zones impactées, laquelle semble pouvoir être exacerbée en conditions de stress thermiques que laissent présager les changements climatiques à venir. Au final, ce bilan d’études de biomarqueurs confirme l’utilité du modèle bivalve Mya arenaria comme bio-indicateur de la qualité hydrique du Saguenay et il renseigne sur les divers affronts que subissent ces invertébrés dans ce milieu toujours aux prises avec des sources de contamination variées. D’autres études envisagées affineront nos connaissances au sujet des risques cumulatifs liés à la contamination chimique du fjord.
Mots clés:
- Fjord du Saguenay,
- biomarqueurs,
- Mya arenaria,
- contamination chimique,
- zone intertidale,
- effets cumulatifs,
- stress thermique
Abstract
This paper presents the major findings of annual field outings conducted from 1997 to 2006 in Saguenay Fjord intertidal areas as well as those located in proximity with the St. Lawrence River estuary. Study objectives sought to enhance our understanding of pollution pressures incurred on the soft shell clam, Mya arenaria, endemic to mud flats of these regions. By measuring the responses of a battery of biomarkers in whole animals, organs or cells, we demonstrated various adverse effects that are likely linked to chemical contamination sources (municipal, industrial, portuary, non point and atmospheric) intrinsic to the Saguenay area. Based on site and pollution features proper to each, health problems were observed in clams that included effects on their reproductive system (endocrine disruption events linked to estrogenic substances, metals or TBT), on their immune system (increase or decrease of immunocompetence assessed by phagocytic performance of hemocytes), as well as cumulative effects of pollutants, shown either by upward or downward responses of defense biomarkers ((e.g., metallothioneins, CYP1A1, glutathion S‑transferase), damage biomarkers (e.g., increase in DNA strand breaks, increase in inflammatory cyclo-oxygenase activity, lipid peroxidation) and metrics biomarkers (e.g., growth inhibition, lower gonado-somatic index). In pollution-impacted sites, clams further displayed a greater expenditure of mitochondrial energy (measured by mitochondrial electron transport in gonad or digestive gland), an energy loss that could possibly be augmented under thermic stress conditions linked to climate change. This long-term biomarker work establishes Mya arenaria as a useful bioindicator species to appraise Saguenay Fjord water quality as reflected by the diverse chemical insults to which these invertebrates are exposed in an ecosystem still struggling with multiple contamination inputs. Future studies should contribute to strengthen our knowledge related to cumulative risk issues linked to the fjord’s chemical pollution.
Keywords:
- Saguenay Fjord,
- biomarkers,
- Mya arenaria,
- chemical contamination,
- intertidal zone,
- cumulative effects,
- thermic stress
Appendices
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