Abstracts
Résumé
Ce document présente une réévaluation approfondie de la présence des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) dans la rivière et le fjord du Saguenay, un système aquatique fortement affecté par les activités anthropiques et notamment par les effluents provenant des alumineries entre les années 1950 et 1980. La matière particulaire en suspension (MPS), les sédiments de surface ainsi que certains organismes benthiques, échantillonnés en 2002 et 2003, ont été analysés pour leur contenu en HAP. Les résultats montrent qu’il n’y a pas de différence significative dans la distribution des HAP extraits de la MPS échantillonnée dans les parties supérieure et inférieure de la rivière Saguenay. Cependant, une variation saisonnière des HAP particulaires totaux apparaît avec des concentrations variant de 12 µg•g‑1 en hiver à 3,2 µg•g‑1 en été. Nous avons estimé que la contribution en HAP particulaires de la rivière Saguenay vers le fjord était d’environ 606 kg par année. Un examen détaillé des profils chromatographiques des HAP nous montre une prédominance des hydrocarbures légers (2 et 3 cycles) dans la MPS de la rivière par opposition aux HAP plus lourds (4 et 5 cycles) surtout présents dans les sédiments de surface du fjord. Le niveau de contamination observé dans les sédiments de surface du fjord du Saguenay en 2002 a été comparé à celui rapporté pour des sédiments échantillonnés en 1982. Toutes les carottes de sédiments montrent des concentrations maximales des HAP dans une couche située entre 15 et 28 cm de profondeur indiquant un enfouissement lent mais constant des sédiments fortement contaminés apportés au fjord dans les années 1960 et 1970. Les HAP totaux mesurés dans nos échantillons de 2002 sont de 8 à 30 fois inférieurs aux concentrations mesurées en 1982. Les HAP mesurés dans les tissus biologiques de quelques espèces benthiques et épi‑benthiques du fjord montrent une prédominance des HAP légers (2 à 3 cycles) avec les plus hautes valeurs présentes chez le vers Nereis sp. et la crevette Pandalus borealis de la baie des Ha! Ha! Avec la réduction importante des sources industrielles des hydrocarbures aromatiques, les hydrocarbures pétrogéniques représentent aujourd’hui une importante contribution à la contamination globale du système Saguenay.
Mots clés:
- Hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques,
- évolution temporelle,
- Fjord du Saguenay,
- matériel particulaire en suspension,
- sédiment de surface,
- métabolites,
- invertébrés
Abstract
This paper presents an exhaustive reevaluation of the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Saguenay Fjord and River, an aquatic environment strongly affected by anthropogenic activities and particularly by industrial effluents from aluminum plants in the years 1950 to 1980. Suspended particulate matter (SPM), surface sediment, and a number of organisms have been sampled in 2002 and 2003 and analyzed for their content in PAHs. Results indicate that distribution of PAHs extracted from SPM sampled in the upper section of the river is not statistically different from the distribution observed for particles from the lower section of the river. However, a seasonal change was observed in total particulate PAHs with concentrations ranging from 12 µg•g‑1 in winter to 3.2 µg•g‑1 in summer. The contribution of particulate PAHs from the river to the fjord was estimated to 606 kg per year. A detailed examination of PAH chromatograms revealed the predominance of light hydrocarbons (2 and 3 rings) in river SPM in contrast to heavier hydrocarbons (4 and 5 rings) particularly abundant in surface sediment from the fjord. The contamination level observed in surface sediments of the Saguenay Fjord in 2002 has been compared to previously published data obtained for samples obtained at the same locations in 1982. All PAH profiles showed maximum concentrations in a layer between 15 and 28 cm depth, indicating a slow but constant burying process of highly contaminated sediment brought to the fjord in the years 1960 to 1970. Total PAHs determined in our samples (2-3 cm layer) are 8 to 30 times lower than those reported for samples collected in 1982. PAHs determined in biological tissues of benthic and epi-benthic species indicated the predominance of light PAHs (2 to 3 rings) with higher values found in shrimps and worms in the Baie des Ha! Ha! With the reduction of industrial sources of pyrogenic hydrocarbons, petrogenic hydrocarbons account now for a major contribution to the global contamination of the Saguenay system.
Keywords:
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
- temporal changes,
- Saguenay Fjord,
- suspended particulate matter,
- surface sediment,
- metabolites,
- invertebrates
Appendices
Références
- BATES T.S., P.P. MURPHY, H.C. CURL et R.A. FEELY (1987). Hydrocarbon distribution and transport in an urban estuary. Environ. Sci. Technol., 21, 193-198.10.1021/es00156a010 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- BAUMARD P., H. BUDZINSKI et P. GARRIGUES (1998). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and mussels of the Western Mediterranean Sea. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17, 765-776.10.1002/etc.5620170501 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- BRION D. et E. PELLETIER (2005). Modelling PAHs adsorption and sequestration in freshwater and marine sediments. Chemosphere, 61, 867-876.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.04.097 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- COUILLARD, C.M. (2008). Utilisation des poissons pour évaluer les effets biologiques des contaminants dans l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent et du fjord du Saguenay. Rev. Sci. Eau, (ce numéro).Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- COUILLARD, C.M., B. LAPLATTE et É. PELLETIER (2009). A fish bioassay to evaluate the toxicity associated with the ingestion of benzo[a]pyrene-contaminated benthic prey. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 28, 772-781.10.1897/08-092R.1 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- CRE (1988). Les états généraux de l’environnement du Saguenay/Lac-Saint-Jean : état de la situation : pour notre avenir a tous. Conseil régional de concertation et de développement Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean-Chibougamau-Chapais, Jonquière, Québec.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- DA SILVA D., J. BUZITIS, M.M. KRAHN, M.C. BICEGO et A.M.S. PIRES-VANIN (2006). Metabolites in bile of fish from Sao Sebastiao Channel, Sao Paulo, Brazil as biomarkers of exposure to petrogenic polycyclic aromatic compounds. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 52, 175-183.10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.08.016 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- DOONG R.A. et Y.T. LIN (2004). Characterization and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in surface sediment and water from Gao-ping River, Taiwan. Water Res., 38,1733-1744.10.1016/j.watres.2003.12.042 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- DRAINVILLE, G. (1968). Le fjord du Saguenay : Contribution à l’océanographie. Natur. Can., 95, 809-855.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- DRISCOLL S.K. et A.E. MCELROY (1996). Bioaccumula-tion and metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene in three species of polychaete worms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15, 1401-1410.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- FERNANDES M.B., M.A. SICRE, A. BOIREAU et J. TRONCZYNSKI (1997). Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) distributions in the Seine River and its Estuary. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 34, 857-867.10.1016/S0025-326X(97)00063-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- FERNANDES M.B., M.A. SICRE, I. BROYELLE, A. LORRE et B. PONT (1999). Contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in French and European rivers. Hydrobiologia, 410, 343-348.10.1023/A:1003751629504 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- FORTIN G.R. et M. PELLETIER (1995). Synthèse des connaissances sur les aspects physiques et chimiques de l’eau et des sédiments de Saguenay. Zones d’intervention prioritaire 22 et 23. Environnement Canada, région du Québec, Conservation de l’environnement, Centre Saint‑Laurent, Montréal, Québec, 57 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- JOHNSON L.L., T.K. COLLIER et J.E. STEIN (2002). An analysis in support of sediment quality thresholds for polyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to protect estuarine fish. Aquat. Conser. :Mar. Freshwater Ecol., 12, 517-538.10.1002/aqc.522 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- JOHNSON-RESTREPO B., J. OLIVERO-VERBEL, S. LU, J. GUETTE-FERNANDEZ, R. BALDIRIS-AVILA, I. O’BYRNE-HOYOS, K.M. ALDOUS, R. ADDINK et K. KANNAN (2008). Polyaromatic aromatic hydrocarbons and their hydroxylated metabolites in fish bile and sediments from coastal waters of Colombia. Environ. Pollut., 151, 452-459.10.1016/j.envpol.2007.04.011 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- GRANBERG M.E. et H. SELCK (2007). Effects of sediments organic matter quality on bioaccumulation, degradation and distribution of pyrene in two macrofaunal species and their surrounding sediment. Mar. Environ. Res., 64, 313-335.10.1016/j.marenvres.2007.02.005 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- GSCHWEND P.M. et R.A. HITES (1981). Fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to marine and lacustrine sediments in the northeastern US. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 45, 2359-2367.10.1016/0016-7037(81)90089-2 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- KHIM J.S., K.T. LEE, K. KANNAN, D.L. VILLENEUVE, J.P. GIESY et C.H. KOH (2001). Trace organic contami-nants in sediment and water from Ulsan Bay and its vicinity, Korea. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 40,141-150.10.1007/s002440010157 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- KRANTZBERG, G. (1985). The influence of bioturbation on physical, chemical and biological parameters in aquatic environments: A review. Environ. Pollut. (A), 39, 99-122.10.1016/0143-1471(85)90009-1 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- LECLERC A., M.J. GAGNON et A. MAMI (1986). Compaction and movement of interstitial water in bottom sediments of the Saguenay Fjord, Quebec, Canada. Sediment. Geol., 46, 213-230.10.1016/0037-0738(86)90060-6 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- LEI L., A.P. KHODADOUST, M.T. SUIDON et H.H. TABAK (2005). Biodegradation of sediment-bound PAHs in field-contaminated sediment. Water Res., 39, 349-361.10.1016/j.watres.2004.09.021 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- LUN R., K. LEE, L. DE MARCO, C. NALEWAJKO et D. MACKAY (1998). A model of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Saguenay Fjord, Canada. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17, 333-341.10.1002/etc.5620170226 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MA W.-C., A. VAN KLEUVEN, J. IMMERZEEL, et P. GERT-JAN DE MAAGD (1998). Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by earthworms: assessment of equilibrium partitioning theory in in-situ studies and water experiments. Environ. Toxicol., 17,1730-1737.10.1002/etc.5620170913 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MACKAY D., W.Y. SHIU et K.C. MA (1992). Illustrated handbook of physical-chemical properties and environmental fate for organic chemicals. Volume II: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dioxins, and dibenzofurans. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan, USA, 597 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MANOLI E., C. SAMARA, I. KONSTANTINOU et T. ALBANIS (2000). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the bulk precipitation and surface water of Northern Greece. Chemosphere, 41, 1845-1855.10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00134-X Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MARTEL L., J.M. GAGNON, R. MASSÉ, A. LECLERC et L. TREMBLAY (1986). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Saguenay Fjord, Canada. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 37, 133-14010.1007/BF01607740 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MARTEL L., M.J. GAGNON, R. MASSÉ et A. LECLERC (1987). The spatio-temporal variations and fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of the Saguenay Fjord, Quebec, Canada. Water Res., 21, 699-707.10.1016/0043-1354(87)90082-0 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MARTINEAU D., K. LEMBERGER, A. DALLAIRE, P. LABELLE, T.P. LIPSCOMB, P. MICHEL et I. MIKAELIAN (2002). Cancer in wildlife, a case study: beluga from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Québec, Canada. Environ. Health Persp., 110, 1-8.10.1289/ehp.02110285 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MASKAOUI K., J.L. ZHOU, H.S. HONG et Z.L. ZHANG (2002). Contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydro-carbons in the Jiulong River Estuary and Western Xiamen Sea, China. Environ. Pollut., 118, 109-122.10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00208-1 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- OUELLET S. (1990). Étude des hydrocarbures aliphatiques et aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) dans les sédiments du fjord du Saguenay. Mémoire de maîtrise en océanographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada, M194, 149 p.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- OROS D.R. et J.R.M. ROSS (2005). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bivalves from the San Francisco Estuary: Spatial distributions, temporal trends, and sources (1993‑2001). Mar. Environ. Res., 60, 466-488.10.1016/j.marenvres.2005.02.001 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- OROS, D.R., J.R.M. ROSS, R.B.SPIES et T. MUMLEY (2007). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in the San Francisco Bay: A 10-year retrospective of monitoring in an urbanized estuary. Environ. Sci., 105, 101-118.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- PELLETIER É., B. DEFLANDRE, C. NOZAIS, G. TITA, G. DESROSIERS, J.-P. GAGNÉ et A. MUCCI (1999). Crue éclair de juillet 1996 dans la région du Saguenay, Québec. 2. Impacts sur les sédiments et le biote de la baie des Ha! Ha! et du fjord du Saguenay. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 56, 2136-2147.10.1139/f99-143 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- PELLETIER É, G. DESROSIERS, J. LOCAT, A. MUCCI et H. TREMBLAY (2003). The origin and behavior of a flood capping layer deposited on contaminated sediments of the Saguenay Fjord, Quebec, Dans: Contaminated Sediments: Characterization, Evaluation, Mitigation/ Restoration, and Management Strategy Performance. LOCAT J., R. GALVEZ-CLOUTIER, R.C. CHANEY, et K.R. DEMARS (Éditeurs), STM STP 1442, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USAGoogle Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- PEREIRA W.E., F.D. HOSTETTLER et J.B. RAPP (1996). Distributions and fate of chlorinated pesticides, biomarkers and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments along a contamination gradient from a point-source in San Francisco Bay, California. Mar. Environ. Res., 41, 299-314.10.1016/0141-1136(95)00021-6 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- READMAN J.W., R.F.C. MANTOURA et M.M. RHEAD (1987). A record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution obtained from accreting sediments of the Tamar estuary, UK: evidence for non-equilibrium behaviour of PAH. Sci. Total Environ., 66, 73-94.10.1016/0048-9697(87)90079-9 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- SMITH J.N. et E.M. LEVY (1990).Geochronology for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in sediment of the Saguenay Fjord. Environ. Sci. Technol., 24, 874-879.10.1021/es00076a013 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- STARK A., J.R. ABROJANO JR, J. HELLOU et J.L. METCALF-SMITH (2003). Molecular and isotopic characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distribution and sources at the international segment of the St. Lawrence River. Org. Geochem., 34, 225-237.10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00167-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- STRAIF K., R. BAAN, Y. GROSSE, B. SECRETAN, F. EL GHISSASSI et V. COGLIANO (2005). Carcinoge-nicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Lancet Oncol. J., 6, 931-932.10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70458-7 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- STROOMBERG G.J., H. ZAPPEY, R.J.C.A. STEEN, C.A.M. CAN GESTEL, F. ARIESE, N.H. VELTHORST et N.M. VAN STRAALEN (2004). PAH biotransformation in terrestrial invertebrates – a new phase II metabolite in isopods and springtails. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., C, 138, 129-137.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- TAVARES Jr M., J.P. PINTO, I.S. SCARMINIO, M.C. SOLCI et A.L. SOUZA (2004). Emission of polycyclic hydrocarbons from diesel engine in a bus station, Londrina, Brazil. Atmos. Environ., 38, 5039-5044.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- TELLI-KARAKOÇ F., L. TOLUN, B. HENKELMANN, C. KLIMM, O. OKAY et K.W. SCHRAMM (2002). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlo-rinated biphenyls (PCBs) distribution in the Bay of Marmara Sea: İzmit Bay. Environ. Pollut., 119, 383-397.10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00341-4 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- TER LAAK T.L., A. BARENDREGT et J.L.P. HERMENS (2006). Freely dissolved pore water concentrations and sorption coefficients of PAHs in spiked, aged, and field-contaminated soils. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 2184-2190.10.1021/es0524548 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- THIBODEAUX L.J., K.T. VALSARAJ et D.D. REIBLE (2001). Bioturbation-driven transport of hydrophobic organic contaminants from bed sediment. Environ. Eng. Sci., 18, 215-233.10.1089/109287501753113124 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- VAN DER OOST R., J. BEYER et V.N.P. ERMEULEN (2003). Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 13, 57-149.10.1016/S1382-6689(02)00126-6 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- VARANASI U. et J.E. STEIN (1991). Disposition of xeno-biotic chemicals and metabolites in marine organisms. Environ. Health Perspec., 90, 93-100.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- VIGLINO L., É. PELLETIER et R. ST-LOUIS (2004). Highly persistent butyltins in northern marine sediments: a long-term for the Saguenay Fjord (Canada). Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 23, 2673-2681.10.1897/03-674 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- WHITE P.A., C. BLAISE et J.B. RASMUSSEN (1997). Detection of genotoxic substances in bivalve mollusks from the Saguenay Fjord (Canada), using the SOS chromotest. Mutation Res., 392, 277-300.10.1016/S1383-5718(97)00082-X Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- YUNKER M.B., S.M. BACKUS, E. GRAF PANNATIER, D.S. JEFFRIES et R.W. MACDONALD (2002). Sources and significances of alkanes and PAH hydrocarbons in Canadian Arctic rivers. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 55, 1-31.10.1006/ecss.2001.0880 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- ZHOU J.L. et S.J. ROWLAND (1997). Evaluation of the interactions between hydrophobic organic pollutants and suspended particles in estuarine waters. Water Res., 31, 1708-1718.10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00323-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
