Abstracts
Résumé
En milieu urbain, les flux générés par la pluie peuvent transporter vers les hydrosystèmes une partie des éléments polluants accumulés par temps sec et issus des diverses activités humaines. Ces flux polluants sont qualifiés de « rejets urbains par temps de pluie » (RUTP). Les études menées depuis les années 1960 ont permis d’identifier le problème en évaluant l’origine des polluants, les ordres de grandeur des concentrations et les flux émis. Les RUTP présentent un caractère épisodique, mais peuvent avoir des effets de nature chronique, liés à la répétition des phénomènes. Ils peuvent altérer les différentes composantes des milieux récepteurs : composantes physiques (e.g. modification des écoulements, de la morphodynamique), chimiques (e.g. apports de matières en suspension, fertilisants, micropolluants), biologiques (e.g. sélection des espèces, toxicité, bio-accumulation) et l’hydrosystème dans sa globalité (e.g. eutrophisation). L’intégration d’une caractérisation biologique dans l’évaluation des impacts est reconnue depuis peu, et il existe relativement peu de travaux prenant en compte cette composante. La complexité des rejets (e.g. caractère intermittent, variabilité spatio-temporelle) et la diversité des milieux récepteurs font qu’il est difficile de dresser un bilan exact des impacts. Une approche intégrée, ou holistique, est aujourd’hui préconisée prenant en compte : des descripteurs physico-chimiques, des critères de qualité du milieu (eau et sédiments), de l’habitat, du régime hydraulique, des communautés biologiques autochtones, et des données toxicologiques. Toutefois, une telle approche est difficile à mettre en oeuvre et les travaux s’appuient généralement sur des approches plus simples : études de laboratoire ou de terrain ou combinant les deux.
Mots-clés:
- rejets urbains par temps de pluie,
- impact,
- milieux aquatiques
Summary
Urbanization greatly disturbs different ecosystems and particularly affects aquatic ecosystems during wet weather. Runoff can transport some of the pollutants accumulated during dry weather towards aquatic ecosystems along with the waste produced by numerous human activities (transport, industry, etc.). These flows of pollution, commonly called «urban wet weather flows», not only affect the physical, chemical and biological properties of receiving aquatic systems, but also modify the intended use of the water. The need to provide a solution to this problem explains the current increase in the number of studies devoted to the environmental impact of urban storm water.
Urban wet weather flow studies began in the 1960’s and have permitted the assessment of the sources of pollutants, the order of magnitude of their concentrations and their loads produced. Urban storm-water pollutants are numerous and are of various origins: sewer system cleansing (scoured particles deposited during dry weather); rain wash-out of atmospheric gases and dusts (nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, hydrocarbon vapours, trace metals, aerosols, etc.); rainfall on roofs (copper, zinc, lead); and rain runoff from urban areas and waterproofed surfaces, which are covered with particles accumulated during dry weather. These particles have several sources: cars (hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, lead, rubber, zinc, cadmium, copper, titanium, chromium, aluminium, etc.); roads (cement and tar, paint used for road markings, sand and chemical de-icers, detergents, surfactants, etc.); industry (organic matter and organic micro-pollutants); animals (manure as a source of organic matter and bacterial and viral contaminations); solid wastes (plastic, various metals, papers, etc.); and plants (more or less easily biodegradable organic matter, nitrogen, phosphate and pesticide discharges). It is very difficult to define the composition of a standard urban wet weather flow, since the concentrations and loads of pollutants vary considerably according to the type of sewer network (combined, storm-water, etc.), the origin of the water (rainfall, road runoff, settling and infiltration tanks, sewer overflows, etc.), and, of course, the characteristics of the watershed (land use, etc.) and the prevailing weather.
Keywords:
- urban wet weather flows,
- impact,
- aquatic environment
Appendices
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