Abstracts
Résumé
Étant donné le manque de compréhension des mécanismes physiologiques de l’empathie dans la littérature, cette étude vise à explorer comment ceux-ci sont influencés par le type d’émotion et l’exposition répétée à des situations émotionnelles. Vingt-neuf participants ayant reçu un diagnostic de trouble de la personnalité ont effectué une tâche d’empathie impliquant quatre émotions négatives. Les données issues de mesures d’empathie situationnelle subjective et de variabilité du rythme cardiaque (VRC-HF) suggèrent un effet de l’émotion sur l’empathie subjective et une diminution de la VRC-HF avec l’exposition. Malgré le caractère exploratoire des résultats, les tailles d’effet justifient des recherches futures plus approfondies.
Mots-clés :
- empathie,
- régulation émotionnelle,
- composante haute fréquence de la variabilité du rythme cardiaque,
- activité parasympathique
Abstract
Given the lack of understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying empathy capacities in the literature, this exploratory study aims to clarify how these processes are influenced by emotion type and repeated exposure to emotional situations. Twenty-nine participants diagnosed with a personality disorder completed an empathy task involving four negative emotions. Subjective measures of situational empathy were analyzed alongside measures of high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV). The analysis suggests that emotion type affects empathy and that HF-HRV tends to decrease with repeated exposure. Although some findings were not statistically significant, the magnitude of the observed effect sizes warrants further investigation in future studies.
Keywords:
- empathy,
- emotion regulation,
- high-frequency heart rate variability,
- parasympathetic activity
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Baggio, S., Iglesias, K., Duarte, M., Nicastro, R., Hasler, R., Euler, S., Debbané, M., Starcevic, V., & Perroud, N. (2022). Validation of self-report measures of narcissism against a diagnostic interview. PloS one, 17(4), Article e0266540. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266540
- Balliet, D., & Joireman, J. (2010). Ego depletion reduces proselfs’ concern with the well-being of others. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 13(2), 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430209353634
- Batson, C. D., Ahmad, N., & Lishner, D. A. (2009). Empathy and altruism. Dans S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Dirs.), The Oxford handbook of positive psychology (2e éd., p. 417−426). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0039
- Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252−1265. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022‑3514.74.5.1252
- Biopac Systems, Inc. (2019). AcqKnowledge (Version 5.0) [Logiciel]. https://www.biopac.com
- Biopac Systems, Inc. (2016a, 6 janvier). Application note 233: Heart rate variability – Preparing data for analysis using AcqKnowledge. https://www.biopac.com/application-note/heart-rate-variability-preparing-data-for-analysis/
- Biopac Systems, Inc. (2016b, 7 janvier). Application note 246: R−R interval processing with the BIOPAC HRV algorithm. https://www.biopac.com/application-note/r-r-interval-processing-hrv-algorithm/
- Bonfils, K. A., Haas, G. L., & Salyers, M. P. (2019). Emotion-specific performance across empathy tasks in schizophrenia: Influence of metacognitive capacity. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 19, Article 100139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2019.100139
- Boucsein, W. (2012). Electrodermal activity. Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1126-0
- Butler, E. A., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2006). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, emotion, and emotion regulation during social interaction. Psychophysiology, 43(6), 612−622. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00467.x
- Carter, C. S., Harris, J., & Porges, S. W. (2009). Neural and evolutionary perspectives on empathy. Dans J. Decety & W. Ickes (Dirs.), The social neuroscience of empathy (p. 169−182). Boston Review. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262012973.003.0014
- Catai, A. M., Pastre, C. M., Godoy, M. F., Silva, E. D., Takahashi, A. C. M., & Vanderlei, L. C. M. (2020). Heart rate variability: Are you using it properly? Standardisation checklist of procedures. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 24(2), 91−102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2019.02.006
- Chakrabarti, B., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2006). Empathizing: Neurocognitive developmental mechanisms and individual differences. Dans S. Anders, G. Ende, M. Junghofer, J. Kissler, & D. Wildgruber (Dirs.), Progress in brain research (Vol. 156, p. 403−417). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(06)56022-4
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2e éd.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Cohen J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155−159. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033‑2909.112.1.155
- Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349−354. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047358
- Davis, M. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85. https://www.uv.es/~friasnav/Davis_1980.pdf
- Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534582304267187
- Decety, J., & Moriguchi, Y. (2007). The empathic brain and its dysfunction in psychiatric populations: Implications for intervention across different clinical conditions. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 1, Article 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-1-22
- Deuter, C. E., Nowacki, J., Wingenfeld, K., Kuehl, L. K., Finke, J. B., Dziobek, I., & Otte, C. (2018). The role of physiological arousal for self-reported emotional empathy. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic & Clinical, 214, 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2018.07.002
- Duschek, S., Muckenthaler, M., Werner, N., & Reyes del Paso, G. A. (2009). Relationships between features of autonomic cardiovascular control and cognitive performance. Biological Psychology, 81(2), 110−117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.03.003
- Edelstein, R. S., Yim, I. S., & Quas, J. A. (2010). Narcissism predicts heightened cortisol reactivity to a psychosocial stressor in men. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(5), 565−572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.06.008
- Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175−191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
- Francis, H. M., Fisher, A., Rushby, J. A., & McDonald, S. (2015). Reduced heart rate variability in chronic severe traumatic brain injury: Association with impaired emotional and social functioning, and potential for treatment using biofeedback. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 26(1), 103−125. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2014.1003246
- Gagnon, J., Aubin, M., Emond, F. C., Derguy, S., Brochu, A. F., Bessette, M., & Jolicoeur, P. (2017). An ERP study on hostile attribution bias in aggressive and nonaggressive individuals. Aggressive Behavior, 43(3), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21676
- Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271−299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
- Hendin, H. M., & Cheek, J. M. (1997). Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS) [Fiche de base de données]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t09484-000
- IBM Corp. (2022). IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 29.0) [Logiciel]. https://www.ibm.com/products/spss-statistics
- Jauniaux, J., Tessier, M.-H., Regueiro, S., Chouchou, F., Fortin-Côté, A., & Jackson, P. L. (2020). Emotion regulation of others’ positive and negative emotions is related to distinct patterns of heart rate variability and situational empathy. PloS One, 15(12), Article e0244427. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244427
- Jennings, J. R., Kamarck, T., Stewart, C., Eddy, M., & Johnson, P. (1992). Alternate cardiovascular baseline assessment techniques: Vanilla or resting baseline. Psychophysiology, 29(6), 742−750. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02052.x
- Kogan, A., Oveis, C., Carr, E. W., Gruber, J., Mauss, I. B., Shallcross, A., Impett, E. A., van der Lowe, I., Hui, B., Cheng, C., & Keltner, D. (2014). Vagal activity is quadratically related to prosocial traits, prosocial emotions, and observer perceptions of prosociality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(6), 1051–1063. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037509
- Laborde, S., Mosley, E., & Thayer, J. F. (2017). Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research − Recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 213. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00213
- Lane, R. D., McRae, K., Reiman, E. M., Chen, K., Ahern, G. L., & Thayer, J. F. (2009). Neural correlates of heart rate variability during emotion. NeuroImage, 44(1), 213−222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.056
- Lang, P. J. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 16(6), 495−512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01511.x
- Levenson, R. W. (2014). The autonomic nervous system and emotion. Emotion Review, 6(2), 100−112. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073913512003
- Lewczuk, K., Wizła, M., Oleksy, T., & Wyczesany, M. (2022). Emotion regulation, effort and fatigue: Complex issues worth investigating. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 742557. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.742557
- Li, K., Rüdiger, H., & Ziemssen, T. (2019). Spectral analysis of heart rate variability: Time window matters. Frontiers in Neurology, 10, Article 545. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00545
- Liebowitz M. R. (1987). Social phobia. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, 22, 141−173. https://doi.org/10.1159/000414022
- Miller, J. G. (2018). Physiological mechanisms of prosociality. Current Opinion in Psychology, 20, 50−54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.018
- Morelli, S. A., & Lieberman, M. D. (2013). The role of automaticity and attention in neural processes underlying empathy for happiness, sadness, and anxiety. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, Article 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00160
- Olderbak, S., Sassenrath, C., Keller, J., & Wilhelm, O. (2014). An emotion-differentiated perspective on empathy with the emotion specific empathy questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, Article 653. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00653
- Pincus, A. L., Ansell, E. B., Pimentel, C. A., Cain, N. M., Wright, A. G. C., & Levy, K. N. (2009). Initial construction and validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 21(3), 365−379. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016530
- Porges, S. W. (2001). The polyvagal theory: Phylogenetic substrates of a social nervous system. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 42(2), 123−146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(01)00162-3
- Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(1), 1−71. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02000018
- Psychology Software Tools. (2016). E-Prime 3.0 Studio [Logiciel]. https://pstnet.com
- Ramesh, A., Nayak, T., Beestrum, M., Quer, G., & Pandit, J. A. (2023). Heart rate variability in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 19, 2217−2239. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S429592
- Ringwald, W. R., & Wright, A. G. C. (2021). The affiliative role of empathy in everyday interpersonal interactions. European Journal of Personality, 35(2), 197−211. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2286
- Ronningstam, E. (2009). Narcissistic personality disorder: Facing DSM-V. Psychiatric Annals, 39(3), 112-121. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20090301-09
- Sammito, S., Sammito, W., & Böckelmann, I. (2016). The circadian rhythm of heart rate variability. Biological Rhythm Research, 47(5), 717−730. https://doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2016.1183887
- Sassenrath, C., Barthelmäs, M., Saur, J., & Keller, J. (2020). Inducing empathy affects cardiovascular reactivity reflected in changes in high-frequency heart rate variability. Cognition and Emotion, 35(2), 393-399. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2020.1826910
- Stern, J. A., & Cassidy, J. (2018). Empathy from infancy to adolescence: An attachment perspective on the development of individual differences. Developmental Review, 47, 1−22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2017.09.002
- Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Huang, B., Smith, S. M., Ruan, W. J., Pulay, A. J., Saha, T. D., Pickering, R. P., & Grant, B. F. (2008). Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV narcissistic personality disorder: Results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(7), 1033–1045. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v69n0701
- Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271−324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x
- Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. (1996). Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation, 93(5), 1043−1065. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.93.5.1043
- Thompson, N. M., Uusberg, A., Gross, J. J., & Chakrabarti, B. (2019). Chapter 12 − Empathy and emotion regulation: An integrative account. Dans N. Srinivasan (Dir.), Progress in brain research (Vol. 247, p. 273−304). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.024
- Tremblay, M.-P. B., Marcoux, A., Turcotte, V., Woods, J., Rouleau, C., Grondin, F., & Jackson, P. L. (2020). I can but I shall not always be empathic. Psychological Reports, 124(4), 1634−1672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120945180
- Tukey, J. W. (1977). Exploratory data analysis. Addison-Wesley.
- Zhu, J., Ji, L., & Liu, C. (2019). Heart rate variability monitoring for emotion and disorders of emotion. Physiological Measurement, 40(6), Article 064004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/ab1887