Abstracts
Résumé
Le dévoilement d’une agression sexuelle est une étape critique pour entreprendre des mesures légales et de protection bien que plusieurs enfants soient résistants à dévoiler. Cet article présente une recension des écrits sur le processus de dévoilement dans le cadre de l’entrevue d’enquête et sur les facteurs associés au phénomène de la résistance. Les enjeux méthodologiques pour les recherches futures sont discutés, dont l’importance d’une conceptualisation multidimensionnelle du dévoilement et d’une approche multifactorielle des prédicteurs de la résistance au dévoilement. Enfin, les recommandations pour l’utilisation des méthodes d’entrevue les plus susceptibles de conduire à des dévoilements exacts et détaillés de même que l’intérêt de ces connaissances pour les cliniciens sont présentés.
Mots-clés :
- agression sexuelle,
- enfants,
- entrevue d’enquête,
- dévoilement,
- résistance
Abstract
Disclosure of sexual abuse is a critical step to engage legal procedures and protective measures even though many children are reluctant to disclose. This article presents a literature review on the disclosure process of child sexual abuse during forensic interviews with an overview of factors affecting disclosure. The methodological issues for future studies, which include the importance of a multidimensional conceptualization of disclosure and a multifactorial approach for the predictors of reluctance to disclose, are also discussed. Recommendations for the use of interview methods more likely to lead to exact and detailed testimonials are then presented, along with practical implications for clinicians.
Keywords:
- child sexual abuse,
- forensic interviews,
- disclosure,
- reluctance
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Alaggia, R. (2004). Many ways of telling: Expanding conceptualizations of child sexual abuse disclosure. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(11), 1213-1227.
- Alain, S., Dion, J. et Cyr, M. (2018). Examen des caractéristiques du dévoilement de l’agression sexuelle chez les enfants. Revue internationale de criminologie et de police technique et scientifique, LXXI, 88-109.
- Arata, C. M. (1998). To tell or not to tell: Current functioning of child sexual abuse survivors who disclosed their victimiztion. Child Maltreatment, 3, 63-71.
- Anderson, G. D. (2016). The continuum of disclosure: exploring factors predicting tentative disclosure of child sexual abuse allegations during forensic interviews and the implications for practice, policy, and future research. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 25, 382-402.
- Barth, J., Bermetz, L., Heim, E., Trelle, S. et Tonia, T. (2013). The current prevalence of child sexual abuse worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Public Health, 58(3), 469-483.
- Bradley, A. R. et Wood, J. M. (1996). How do children tell? The disclosure process in child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20, 881-891.
- Bruck, M. et Ceci, S. J. (2004) Forensic developmental psychology: unveiling four common misconceptions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 229-232.
- Cederborg, A.-C., Lamb, M.E. et Laurell, O. (2007). Delay of disclosure, minimization and denial when the evidence is unambiguous: A multivictim case. Dans M. E. Pipe, M. E. Lamb, Y. Orbach et A.-C. Cederborg (dir.), Child sexual abuse: Disclosure, delay and denial (p. 159-174). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Chamberlain, P., Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., Kavanagh, K. et Forgatch, M. S. (1984). Observation of client resistance. Behavior Therapy, 15, 144-155.
- Cyr, M. (2014). Recueillir la parole de l’enfant témoin ou victime: De la théorie à la pratique. Paris, France : Dunod.
- Cyr, M. et Bruneau, G. (2007). L’évaluation des fausses allégations d’agression sexuelle chez l’enfant. Dans M. St-Yves et M. Tanguay (dir.), Psychologie de l’enquête criminelle: La recherche de la vérité (p. 221-254). Cowanswille, QC: Éditions Yvon Blais.
- Cyr, M., Dion, J., Hershkowitz, I. et Lamb, M. E. (2013). L’audition de mineurs témoins ou victimes: l’efficacité du protocole du NICHD. Revue internationale de criminologie et de police technique et scientifique, 2, 223-236.
- Cyr, M., Dion, J. et Powell, M. (2014). L’entrevue d’enfants. Dans M. St-Yves (dir.), Les entrevues d’enquête : L'essentiel (p. 67-102). Cowanswille, QC: Éditions Yvon Blais.
- Cyr, M. et Lamb, M. E. (2009). Assessing the effectiveness of the NICHD investigative Interview Protocol when interviewing French-speaking alleged victims of child sexual abuse in Quebec. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 257-268.
- Cyr, M., Wright, J., McDuff, P. et Perron, A. (2002). Intrafamilial sexual abuse: brother-sister incest does not differ from father-daughter and stepfather-stepdaughter incest. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 957-973.
- DiPietro, E. K., Runyan, D. K. et Fredrickson, D. D. (1997). Predictors of disclosure during medical evaluation for suspected sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 6, 133-142.
- Faller, K. C. (1989). Characteristics of a clinical sample of sexually abused children: How boy and girls victims differ. Child Abuse & Neglect, 13, 281-291.
- Frasier, L. D. et Makoroff, K. L. (2006). Medical evidence and expert testimony in child sexual abuse. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 57, 41-50.
- Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E. et Janson, S. (2009). Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. Lancet, 373, 68-81.
- Gingras, F. (2018). Le continuum de formation policière en matière d’enquête en agression sexuelle et abus physique d’enfants au Québec. Dans S. Bergheul et M. Fernet (dir.), Les violences à caractère sexuel: Représentations sociales, accompagnement et prévention (chap. 9, p. 237-254). Gatineau, QC : Les presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Goodyear-Brown, E. A. (2010). Play therapy with traumatized children : A prescriptive approch. Koboken, NJ : John Wiley et Sons.
- Goodman-Brown, T. B., Edelstein, R. S., Goodman, G. S., Jones, D. P. H. et Gordon, D. S. (2003). Why children tell: A model of children’s disclosure of sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 525-540.
- Hanson, R. F., Resnick, H. S., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G. et Best, C. (1999). Factors related to the reporting of childhood rape. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23, 559-569.
- Hébert, M., Tourigny, M., Cyr, M., McDuff, P. et Joly, J. (2009). Prevalence of childhood sexual abuse and timing of disclosure in a representative sample of adults from Quebec. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(9), 631-636.
- Hershkowitz, I., Horowitz, D. et Lamb, M. E. (2005). Trends in children’s disclosure of abuse in Israel: A national study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 1203-1214.
- Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E. et Katz, C. (2014). Allegation rates in forensic child abuse investigations: comparing the revised and standard NICHD Protocols. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 20, 336-344.
- Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., Katz, C. et Malloy, L. C. (2013). Does enhanced rapport-building alter the dynamics of investigative interviews with suspected victims of intra-familial abuse? Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology. doi: 10.1007/s11896-013-9136-8
- Hershkowitz, I., Lanes, O. et Lamb, M. E. (2007). Exploring the disclosure of child sexual abuse with alleged victims and their parents. Child abuse & neglect, 31, 111-123.
- Hershkowitz, I., Orbach, Y., Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J. et Horowitz, D. (2006). Dynamics of forensic interviews with suspected abuse victims who do not disclose abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 753-769.
- Katz, C., Hershkowitz, I., Malloy, L. C., Lamb, M. E., Atabaki, A. et Spindler, S. (2012). Non-verbal behavior of children who disclose or do not disclose child abuse in investigative interviews. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 12- 20.
- Kellogg, N. D. et Hoffman, T. J. (1995). Unwanted and illegal sexual experiences in childhood and adolescence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19, 1457-1468.
- Lamb, S. et Edgar-Smith, S. (1994). Aspects of disclosure: Mediators of outcome of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9, 307-326.
- Lamb, M. E., Hershkowitz, I., Orbach, Y. et Esplin, P. W. (2008). Tell me what happened : Structured investigative interviews of child victims and witnesses. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley et Sons.
- Lamb, M. E, Hershkowitz, I., Sternberg, K. J., Esplin, P. W., Hovav, M., Manor, T. et Yudilevitch, L. (1996). Effects of investigative utterance types on Israeli children’s responses. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 19, 627-637.
- Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Esplin, P.W. et Horowitz, D. (2007). Structured forensic interview protocols improve the quality and informativeness of investigative interviews with children: A review of research using the NICHD Investigative Interview Protocol. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 1201-1231.
- Lawson, L. et Chaffin, M. (1992). False negatives in sexual abuse disclosure interviews: Incidence and influence of caretaker's belief in abuse in cases of accidental abuse discovery by diagnosis of STD. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7, 532-542.
- Leach, C., Powell, M. B., Sharman, S. J. et Anglim, J. (2017). The relationship between children’s age and disclosures of sexual abuse during forensic interviews. Child Maltreatment, 22(1), 79-88.
- Légaré, M., Dion, J., Cyr, M. et Hains, J. (2016). La résistance au dévoilement en contexte d’audition chez les enfants présumés victimes d’agression sexuelle : une conceptualisation multidimensionnelle. Carnet de notes sur les maltraitances infantiles, 1(5), 22-40.
- Lewy, J., Cyr, M. et Dion, J. (2015). Impact of interviewers’ supportive comments and children’s reluctance to cooperate during sexual abuse disclosure. Child Abuse & Neglect, 43, 112-122.
- Lippert, T., Cross, T. P., Jones, L. et Walsh, W. (2009). Telling interviewers about sexual abuse: Predictors of child disclosure at forensic interviews. Child Maltreatment, 14, 100-113.
- London, K., Bruck, M., Ceci, S. J. et Shuman, D. (2007). Disclosure of child sexual abuse: A review of the contemporary empirical literature. Dans M. E. Pipe, M. E. Lamb, Y. Orbach et A. C. Cederborg (dir.), Child sexual abuse: Disclosure, delay and denial (p. 11-40). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
- London, K., Bruck, M., Ceci, S. J. et Shuman, D. (2005). Children’s disclosure of sexual abuse: What does the research tell us about the ways that children tell? Psychology, Public Policy, the Law, 11, 194-226.
- London, K., Bruck, M., Wright, D. et Ceci, S. (2008). Review of the contemporary literature on how children report sexual abuse to others: Findings, methodological issues, and implication for forensic interviewers. Memory, Special Issues: New Insights into Trauma and Memory, 16, 29-47.
- Lyon, T. D. (2002). Scientific support for expert testimony on child sexual abuse accommodation. Dans J. R. Conte (dir.), Critical issues in child sexual abuse (p.107-38). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Lyon, T. D. (2007). False denials: Overcoming methodological biases in abuse disclosure research. Dans M. E. Pipe, M. E. Lamb, Y. Orbach et A. C. Cederborg (dir.), Child sexual abuse: Disclosure, delay, and denial (p.41-61). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Malloy, L. C., Brubacher, S. P. et Lamb, M. E. (2011). Expected Consequences of Disclosure Revealed in Investigative Interviews with suspected victims of child sexual abuse. Applied Developpemental Science, 15, 8-19.
- Malloy, L. C., Lyon, T. D. et Quas, J. A. (2007). Filial dependency and recantation of child sexual abuse allegations. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 162-170.
- Maniglio, R. (2009). The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 647-657.
- McElvaney, R., Greene, S. et Hogan, D. (2014). To tell or not to tell? Factors influencing young people’s informal disclosures of child sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29, 928-947.
- Oates, R. K. et Donnelly, A. C. (1997). Influential papers in child abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21, 319-326.
- Orbach, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., Sternberg, K. J., Esplin, P.W. et Horowitz, D. (2000). Assessing the value of structured protocols for forensic interviews of alleged child abuse victims. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 733-752.
- Orbach, Y., Schiloach, A. et Lamb, M. E. (2007). Reluctant disclosers of child sexual abuse. Dans M. E. Pipe, M. E. Lamb, Y. Orbach et A. C. Cederborg (dir.), Child sexual abuse: Disclosure, delay and denial (p. 115-134). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
- Paine, M. L. et Hansen, D. J. (2002). Factors influencing children to self-disclose sexual abuse. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 271-295.
- Pipe, M. E., Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y. et Cederborg, A. C. (2007). Child sexual abuse: Disclosure, delay, and denial. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Pipe, M. E., Lamb, M. E., Orbach, O., Stewart, H. L., Sternberg, K. J. et Esplin, P. W. (2007). Factors associated with non-disclosure of suspected abuse during forensic interviews. Dans M. E. Pipe, M. E. Lamb, Y. Orbach et A. C. Cederborg (dir.), Child sexual abuse: Disclosure, delay, and denial (p. 77-96). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Reitsema, A. M. et Grietens, H. (2016). Is Anybody Listening? The literature on the dialogical process of child sexual abuse disclosure reviewed. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 17, 330-340.
- Roesler, T. A. (1994). Reactions to disclosure of childhood sexual abuse: The effect on adult symptoms. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 618-624.
- Sauzier, M. (1989). Disclosure of child sexual abuse. Psychiatric Clinics of America, 12, 455-469.
- Schaeffer, P., Leventhal, J. M. et Asnes, A. G. (2011). Children’s disclosures of sexual abuse: Learning from direct inquiry. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35, 343-352.
- Sorenson, T. et Snow, B. (1991). How children tell: the process of disclosure in child sexual abuse. Child Welfare, 70, 3-15.
- Smith, D. W., Letourneau, E. J., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, H. S., Resnick, H. S. et Best, C. L. (2000). Delay in disclosure of childhood rape: Results from a national survey. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 273-287.
- Sternberg, K. J., Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y. et Esplin, P. (2001). Use of a structured investigative protocol enhances young children’s responses to free-recall prompts in the course of forensic interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 997-1005.
- Stoltenborgh, M., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Euser, E. M. et Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2011). A global perspective on child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child Maltreatment, 16, 79-101.
- Summit, R. C. (1983). The child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome. Child Abuse & Neglect, 7, 177-193.
- Teoh, Y. S. et Lamb, M. (2013). Interviewer demeanor in forensic interviews of children. Psychology, Crime & Law, 19(2), 145-159.
- Zajac, R., Garry, M., London, K., Goodyear-Smith, F. et Hayne, H. (2013). Misconceptions about childhood sexual abuse and child witnesses: Implications for psychological experts in the courtroom. Memory, 21, 608-617.