Abstracts
Abstract
In this article, we analyze microtiming and tempo variability in the music of five renowned rock drummers: Ringo Starr, Mitch Mitchell, Stewart Copeland, Phil Rudd, and Meg White. Using the applications Moises and Sonic Visualiser, we isolated the drum stems of 79 studio and live recordings and determined exact quarter-note positions in backbeat patterns. We used metrics such as the normalized absolute deviation beat sum, average beat coefficient of variation, and tempo coefficient of variation in order to capture these drummers’ distinctive “fingerprints.” We found that Starr showed a propensity for delayed backbeats and slowing down, Copeland a tendency for early backbeats, Rudd steadiness without a click track, and Mitchell and White a propensity towards wide variability in timing and tempo. The results of this exploratory study suggest that drumming characteristics are shaped not only by personal style but also by broader historical trends.
Keywords:
- drumming,
- microtiming,
- rhythm,
- rock music,
- tempo variability
Résumé
Dans cet article, nous analysons le microtiming et la variabilité du tempo dans la musique de cinq batteurs emblématiques du rock : Ringo Starr, Mitch Mitchell, Stewart Copeland, Phil Rudd et Meg White. À l’aide des applications Moises et Sonic Visualiser, nous avons isolé les pistes de batterie de 79 enregistrements studio et live, puis déterminé les positions exactes des temps à la noire dans des patrons de backbeat. Nous avons mobilisé des mesures telles que la somme normalisée des écarts absolus des pulsations, le coefficient de variation moyen des pulsations et le coefficient de variation du tempo afin de mettre en évidence les « empreintes » distinctives de ces batteurs. Nos résultats montrent que Starr présente une tendance à des backbeats retardés et à un ralentissement progressif, Copeland une propension à des backbeats anticipés, Rudd une remarquable constance en l’absence de click track, et Mitchell ainsi que White une forte variabilité dans le timing et le tempo. Les conclusions de cette étude exploratoire suggèrent que les caractéristiques de jeu des batteurs sont façonnées non seulement par leur style personnel, mais également par des tendances historiques plus larges.
Mots-clés :
- batterie,
- microtiming,
- musique rock,
- rythme,
- variabilité du tempo
Appendices
Bibliography
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Discography for live recordings (YouTube links provided for those without an official release)
- AC/DC (1977), “Hell Ain’t a Bad Place to Be,” Bonfire (Live from the Atlantic Studios).
- AC/DC (1977), “Live Wire,” Bonfire (Live from the Atlantic Studios).
- AC/DC (1996), “Rock and Roll Ain’t Noise Pollution,” Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THDZMWtubVc.
- AC/DC (1996), “Go Down,” VH1 Studios, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULbteMojnx4.
- AC/DC (1996), “Gone Shootin’,” VH1 Studios, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85Nsyib4bv.
- AC/DC (2009), “Shot Down in Flames,” Live at River Plate.
- The Beatles (1964), “She Loves You,” Live at the Hollywood Bowl.
- The Beatles (1964), “Rock and Roll Music,” Live at the BBC.
- The Beatles (1964), “You Can’t Do That,” Live at the Hollywood Bowl.
- The Beatles (1964), “Things We Said Today,” Live at the BBC.
- The Beatles (1965), “Dizzy Miss Lizzy,” Live at the BBC.
- The Beatles (1965), “Baby’s in Black,” Live at the Hollywood Bowl.
- The Jimi Hendrix Experience (1967), “Purple Haze,” BBC Sessions.
- The Jimi Hendrix Experience (1967), “Foxey Lady,” BBC Sessions.
- The Jimi Hendrix Experience (1967), “Little Miss Lover,” BBC Sessions.
- The Jimi Hendrix Experience (1967), “The Wind Cries Mary,” The Jimi Hendrix Experience (Deluxe Reissue) (Live Olympia Theater, Paris).
- The Jimi Hendrix Experience (1968), “Little Wing,” Hendrix in the West.
- The Jimi Hendrix Experience (1968), “Red House,” Hendrix in the West.
- The Police (1979), “Can’t Stop Losing You/Reggatta de Blanc,” Countdown, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sM0tfIgwR6w.
- The Police (1979), “Born in the 50’s,” Musikladen, https://www.youtube.comwatch?v=sOdvSClxZy.
- The Police (1980), “When the World Is Running Down, You Make the Best of What’s Still Around,” Rockpalast, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-V7qgM2X3xg.
- The Police (1981), “Too Much Information/When the World is Running Down, You Make the Best of What’s Still Around,” Sporthalle Böblingen, Oct. 1981, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prmGunQH9iU&list=RDprmGunQH9iU&start_radio=1 (34:12).
- The Police (1983), “Spirits in a Material World,” Synchronicity (Super Deluxe Edition) (Live at the Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum).
- The Police (1983), “King of Pain,” Synchronicity (Super Deluxe Edition) (Live at the Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum).
- The Police (2008), “Every Breath You Take,” Tokyo Dome, https://www.facebook.com/RoxMusicBR/videos/the-police-every-breath-you-take-2008-hd/521166682123698/.
- The White Stripes (2001), “Offend in Every Way,” White Blood Cells (Deluxe) (Live at the Gold Dollar, June 7).
- The White Stripes (2002), “Dead Leaves and the Dirty Ground,” Saturday Night Live, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ziuu93gFaGg.
- The White Stripes (2003), “You’re Pretty Good Looking (For a Girl),” TIM Festival, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KpUiBxleaHc.
- The White Stripes (2003), “Seven Nation Army,” Conan, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h35VbsZbUZU.
- The White Stripes (2004), “Ball and Biscuit,” Under Blackpool Lights (DVD), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0F8FrM4Vds.
- The White Stripes (2007), “Blue Orchid,” Rock am Ring, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cvhP-7yv_E.
