Abstracts
Summary
No COVID-19 mitigation measure has proven more controversial than vaccination mandates. While the prospect of widespread vaccination in 2021 offered hope for a return to pre-pandemic normalcy on Canadian university campuses, proposals for on-campus vaccination mandates sparked intense debate and led to varying approaches at universities.
We examine the pivotal role of academic staff associations (ASAs) in advocating and influencing the adoption of vaccination mandates at Canadian universities in the run-up to the fall 2021 term. Through document analysis and semi-structured interviews with ASA leaders and staff, we delve into the factors behind ASA positions on such mandates.
Although the vast majority of ASAs advocated robust COVID-19 mitigation measures, including vaccination mandates, their approaches varied because of regional differences and institutional and sectoral dynamics. Many ASAs actively promoted mandatory vaccination, unlike the case with the vast majority of other unions.
We argue that ASAs played a crucial role in shaping university responses to the pandemic. Their advocacy contributed to widespread adoption of vaccination mandates before the fall 2021 term. We stress the importance of understanding the nuanced responses of ASAs to such mandates, while shedding light on the interplay of factors behind ASA positions.
Abstract
We examine the pivotal role of academic staff associations (ASAs) in advocating and influencing the adoption of vaccination mandates at Canadian universities in the run-up to the fall 2021 term. Through document analysis and semi-structured interviews with ASA leaders and staff, we delve into the factors behind ASA positions on such mandates. We demonstrate that the vast majority of ASAs advocated robust COVID-19 mitigation measures, including vaccination mandates, but their approaches varied because of regional differences and institutional and sectoral dynamics. Many ASAs actively promoted mandatory vaccination, unlike the case with the vast majority of other unions.
Keywords:
- COVID-19,
- universities,
- pandemic,
- faculty associations,
- academic labour,
- vaccination mandates,
- Canada
Résumé
Aucune mesure d'atténuation du COVID-19 ne s'est avérée plus controversée que l'obligation de vaccination. Alors que la perspective d'une vaccination généralisée en 2021 offrait l'espoir d'un retour à la normale sur les campus universitaires canadiens avant la pandémie, la perspective d'obliger la vaccination sur les campus ont suscité d'intenses débats et ont donné lieu à des approches différentes dans les universités.
Nous examinons le rôle central des associations de personnel académique (APA) dans la défense et l'influence sur l'adoption de mandats de vaccination dans les universités canadiennes à l'approche de la session d'automne 2021. Grâce à l'analyse de documents et à des entretiens semi-structurés avec des dirigeants et des membres du personnel des APA, nous examinons les facteurs qui sous-tendent les positions des APA à l'égard de ces mandats.
Bien que la grande majorité des APA aient préconisé des mesures robustes d'atténuation des effets du COVID-19, y compris des mandats de vaccination, leurs approches varient en raison des différences régionales et des dynamiques institutionnelles et sectorielles. De nombreuses APA ont activement promu la vaccination obligatoire, contrairement à la grande majorité des autres syndicats.
Nous soutenons que les APA ont joué un rôle crucial dans l'élaboration des réponses des universités à la pandémie. Leur plaidoyer a contribué à l'adoption généralisée de l'obligation de vaccination avant le trimestre d'automne 2021. Nous soulignons l'importance de comprendre les réponses nuancées des APA à ces mandats, tout en mettant en lumière l'interaction des facteurs qui sous-tendent les positions des APA.
Mots-clés :
- COVID-19,
- Universités,
- Pandémie,
- Associations universitaires,
- Travail académique,
- Vaccination obligatoire,
- Canada
Appendices
References
- Akkermans, Jos, Richardson, Julia, & Kraimer, Maria L. (2020). The Covid-19 crisis as a career shock: Implications for careers and vocational behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103434.10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103434 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Association of Academic Staff University of Alberta (n.d.). Update on COVID-19 measures and member rights. https://aasua.ca/Web/Web/Communications/President-s-Message-Articles/Update-on-COVID-19-measures-and-member-rights.aspx.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Attaran, Amir, & Shelley, Jacob. (2021, July 29). Canada’s universities and colleges are failing science. Maclean’s. https://macleans.ca/opinion/canadas-universities-and-colleges-are-failing-science.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Azpiri, Jon. (2021a, August 24). COVID-19: B.C. university students will not need proof of vaccination to attend classes in person. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/8138052/bc-post-secondary-vaccines-covid-19/.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Azpiri, Jon. (2021b, August 10). COVID-19: UBC faculty call for mandatory vaccinations, masks on campus. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/8101549/ubc-covid-19-vaccine-masks/.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- B.C. Post-Secondary Institutions with the support of the Ministry of Advanced Education and Skills Training (2022). COVID-19 return-to-campus guidelines. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/post-secondary-education/institution-resources-administration/covid19-return-to-campus-guidelines-web.pdf.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- B.C. Post-Secondary Institutions with the support of the Ministry of Advanced Education and Skills Training (2021). COVID-19 return-to-campus primer. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/post-secondary-education/institution-resources-administration/return-to-campus-primer.pdf.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bell, Jeff. (2021a, May 12). University faculty concerned about return to in-person classes. Times Colonist. https://www.timescolonist.com/local-news/university-faculty-concerned-about-return-to-in-person-classes-4689327.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bell, Jeff. (2021b, September 8). In-person classes resume at UVic with mandatory masks, vaccine declaration. Times Colonist. https://www.timescolonist.com/local-news/in-person-classes-resume-at-uvic-with-mandatory-masks-vaccine-declaration-4691936.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Benner, Allan. (2021a, August 9). Brock University sticks to provincial COVID-19 requirements as faculty calls for vaccine mandate. St. Catharines Standard. https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/news/niagara-region/brock-university-sticks-to-provincial-covid-19-requirements-as-faculty-calls-for-vaccine-mandate/article_c03895f4-8737-508d-9e12-e66be1c421db.html.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Benner, Allan. (2021b, August 13). Brock’s change of heart on mandatory vaccinations commended by faculty. St. Catharines Standard. https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/news/niagara-region/brock-s-change-of-heart-on-mandatory-vaccinations-commended-by-faculty/article_487f13be-47b3-50ee-9bdb-49beceb1d769.html.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Black, S. (2022). Essential but not empowered: reflections on the working class in Canada under COVID-19. Studies in Political Economy, 103(2), 130-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/07078552.2022.2096781 10.1080/07078552.2022.2096781 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Braley-Rattai, Alison, & Savage, Larry (2024). Union responses to workplace COVID-19 vaccine mandates in Canada. Labour/Le Travail, 94, 153–182. https://doi.org/10.52975/llt.2024v94.005 10.52975/llt.2024v94.005 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bresge, Adina. (2021, August 13). University profs hope ‘domino’ effect will make COVID-19 vaccine mandate a campus norm. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/8111930/canada-vaccine-mandate-university-campus/.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- British Columbia Office of the Human Rights Commissioner. (2021). A human rights approach to proof of vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://bchumanrights.ca/wp-content/uploads/COVID-19-vaccine-guidance-Oct.-2021-update.pdf.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Brock University Faculty Association. (2021, July 26). BUFA executive statement on resumption of campus activities. Brock University Faculty Association. https://bufa.ca/bufa-executive-statement-on-resumption-of-campus-activities/.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cameron-Standerford, Abby, Menard, Katharine, Edge, Christi, Bergh, Bethany, Shatter, Ashley, Smith, Kristen, & VandenAvond, Laura. (2020). The phenomenon of moving to online/distance delivery as a result of COVID-19: Exploring initial perceptions of higher education faculty at a rural midwestern university. Frontiers in Education, 5:583881, https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.58388.10.3389/feduc.2020.583881 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- CAUT (n.d.). Town hall series: COVID-19 and the academic job. https://www.caut.ca/content/town-hall-series-covid-19-and-academic-job.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- CAUT (2021, August 10). Vaccine requirements should be considered for safe return to campus, university and college teachers’ group says. https://www.caut.ca/latest/2021/08/vaccine-requirements-should-be-considered-safe-return-campus-university-and-college.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- CAUT (2020, August 19). What impact is the pandemic having on post-secondary teachers and staff? https://www.caut.ca/sites/default/files/covid_release-impacts_of_pandemic-en-final-08-19-20.pdf.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- CBC. (2021, December 20). U of Manitoba drops return-to-class plans, retains remote learning to start winter term. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/university-manitoba-remote-classes-covid19-1.6292923.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Chief Medical Officer of Health. (2021, August 18). Resource Guide. Ontario Ministry of Health. https://web.archive.org/web/20210820051706/https://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/publichealth/coronavirus/docs/directives/directive_6_policy_resource.pdf.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cordasco, Lisa. (2021, August 25). COVID-19: B.C. university teachers push back over lack of vaccination requirement. Vancouver Sun. https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/unvaccinated-and-vaccinated-take-public-stances-on-vaccine-cards-mandates.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- De Guzman, Mari-Len (2021a, August 25). Western strengthens COVID-19 vaccine policy. Western News. https://news.westernu.ca/2021/08/western-strengthens-covid-19-vaccine-policy/.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- De Guzman, Mari-Len (2021b, August 11). Western to require proof of vaccination for campus community. Western News. https://news.westernu.ca/2021/08/covid-vaccine-policy/.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ebrahim, Nadia. (2020, March 30). How Canadian universities & colleges are responding to Coronavirus. Refinery 29. https://www.refinery29.com/en-ca/2020/03/9548653/canadian-university-college-closures-coronavirus.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Faghri, Pouran D., Dobson, Marnie, Landsbergis, Paul, & Schnall, Peter L. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic: What has work got to do with it? Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63(4), e245–e249. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000002154.10.1097/JOM.0000000000002154 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Fikowski, Teri. (2021, August 11). Masks, vaccinations not mandatory at U of C this fall; decision sparks backlash from faculty. CTV News Calgary. https://calgary.ctvnews.ca/masks-vaccinations-not-mandatory-at-u-of-c-this-fall-decision-sparks-backlash-from-faculty-1.5543079.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Flanagan, Bill. (2021, August 6). Your safety is our top priority: A message from President Flanagan. University of Alberta. https://www.ualberta.ca/the-quad/2021/08/your-safety-is-our-top-priority.html.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Gardner, Charles. (2021, August 24). Vaccine policies at Ontario universities and colleges. Council of Ontario Medical Officers of Health. https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.alphaweb.org/resource/collection/D927A028-023E-4413-B438-86101BEFB7B7/COMOH_Vaccine_Policies_at_Ontario_Universities_and_Colleges_260821.pdf.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ghaffarzadegan, Navid. (2022). Effect of mandating vaccination on COVID-19 cases in colleges and universities. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 123, 41-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2022.08.004.10.1016/j.ijid.2022.08.004 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Gilligan, Melissa. (2021, October 5). 11 MRU students deregistered for not complying with vaccination policy. CTV News Calgary. https://calgary.ctvnews.ca/11-mru-students-deregistered-for-not-complying-with-vaccination-policy-1.5611963.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Government of British Columbia. (2021, August 24). Health, safety remain top priority for return to campus. B.C. Gov News. https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2021AEST0053-001664.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Government of Canada (2021, August 21). COVID-19 vaccination in Canada. https://health-infobase.canada.ca/covid-19/vaccination-coverage/archive/2021-08-27/#a5 .Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hernandez, Jon. (2021, August 10). Province confident in full return to university campuses as calls mount for mask, vaccine mandates. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-confident-full-return-to-university-1.6135548.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hodge, Timothy., Orzach, Ram., & Silberman, Jonathan. (2023). Higher education decision on covid-19 vaccine mandate. Applied Economics Letters, 30(7), 932-936. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2022.2030035.10.1080/13504851.2022.2030035 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Jabakhanji, Sara. (2021, July 19). 'We've gone as far as we can go, legally': Western University president says on campus vaccinations. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/london/western-university-vaccines-campus-fall-return-1.6108540.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kantamneni, Neeta. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on marginalized populations in the United States: A research agenda. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103439.10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103439 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Keil, T., & Osmond-Johnson, P. (2024). Theorising new potentials for teacher activism: union and grassroots activist responses to COVID-19 school reopening plans in Canada. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2024.2302024 10.1080/14767724.2024.2302024 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kirk, Andrew. (2021, August 16). MAUT calls for vaccine mandate. MAUT. https://www.mcgill.ca/maut/files/maut/letter_-_maut_calls_for_vaccine_mandate_2021-08-16.pdf.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Laychuk, Riley. (2021, August 16). Brandon University faculty union calls for mandatory vaccinations on campus. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/brandon-university-mandatory-vaccines-1.6142479.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Little, Simon. (2021, August 26). Major B.C. universities to require COVID-19 vaccine disclosure, implement rapid testing for unvaccinated. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/8145022/sfu-vaccine-disclosure/.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lupton, Andrew (2021, September 8). Western-affiliated ethics prof says she faces ‘imminent Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
-
dismissal’ for refusing COVID-19 vaccine. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/london/western-affiliated-ethics-prof-says-she-faces-imminent-dismissal-for-refusing-covid-19-vaccine-1.6168094Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Manfredi, Christopher. (2021, August 19). The question of mandatory vaccination. McGill Office of the Provost and Vice-Principal (Academic). https://web.archive.org/web/20210830183607/https://www.mcgill.ca/provost/question-mandatory-vaccination.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- McGill Faculty of Law. (2021, August 16). https://www.scribd.com/document/520691864/McGill-Law-Letter-Re-Mandatory-Vaccination#fullscreen&from_embed .Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MOFA (2021, August 19). MOFA: Vaccine mandates at Manitoba University a step forward towards a safe return to campus. https://mofa-fapum.mb.ca/mofa-vaccine-mandates-at-manitoba-universities-a-step-forward-towards-a-safe-return-to-campus/.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mount Royal Faculty Association. (2021). MFRA statement on return to campus. https://mrfa.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/MRFA-Statement-on-Return-to-Campus-Plans-1.pdf.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Nesbit, Ben. (2021, August 11). Faculty association at B.C. university joins growing calls for mandatory masks and COVID-19 vaccinations. CTV News. https://bc.ctvnews.ca/faculty-association-at-b-c-university-joins-growing-calls-for-mandatory-masks-and-covid-19-vaccinations-1.5542622.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Nicolaides, Demetrios [@demetriosnAB]. (2022, February 9). Today, I sent this letter to all post-secondary institutions. I expect AB institutions to align their COVID-19 policies with…[Tweet]. X. https://twitter.com/demetriosnAB/status/1491549863426895877.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Orsini, Steve. (2021, August 24). COU responds to recommendations from the Council of Ontario Medical Officers of Health. Council of Ontario Universities. https://ontariosuniversities.ca/news/cou-responds-to-recommendations-from-the-council-of-ontario-medical-officers-of-health/.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Parker, Robert. (2021, August 20). Mandatory masks/face coverings: Interior health COVID-19 order. Order of the Medical Health Officer, Interior Health Authority. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/health/about-bc-s-health-care-system/office-of-the-provincial-health-officer/covid-19/archived-docs/covid-19-mho-mandatory-face-coverings-okanagan-aug20.pdf.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Peetz, David, O’Brady, Sean, Weststar, Johanna, Coles, Amanda, Baird, Marian, Cooper, Rae, Charlesworth, Sara, Pyman, Amanda, Ressia, Susan, Strachan, Glenda, & Troup, Carolyn. (2022). Control and Insecurity in Australian and Canadian Universities during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Relations industrielles/Industrial Relations, 77(2), 1-21.
10.7202/1091588ar Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Richardson, Alan. (2021, August 9). Message from the president- Update on return to campus. UBCFA. https://www.facultyassociation.ubc.ca/member_notice/message-president-update/.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ross, Stephanie, Savage, Larry, & Watson, James. (2020). Interrogating the relationship between bargaining structures and bargaining outcomes for contract academic faculty in Ontario. Labour/Le Travail, 86(Fall), 9-43. 10.1353/llt.2020.0035 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Savage, Larry. (2022). Crisis and opportunity: Faculty associations and the challenge of pandemic bargaining. Workplace, 33, 22-35.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Sherwin, Cindy, & Kovac, Adam. (2021, August 12). While some Canadian universities move to mandatory vaccines, Quebec health ministry says it's not necessary. CTV News. https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/while-some-canadian-universities-move-to-mandatory-vaccines-quebec-health-ministry-says-it-s-not-necessary-1.5545486.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- St. Francis Xavier Association of University Teachers (2021, August 24). News release. https://www.stfxaut.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/StFXAUT-Mandatory-Vaccine-News-Release-August-24-2021.pdf.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Stevens, Andrew. (2022). The labour of COVID. Workplace, 32, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.14288/workplace.v33i.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Tait, Carrier, & Xu, Xiao. (2021, August 17). Alberta’s three major universities announce COVID-19 vaccine and testing requirements for fall. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/alberta/article-albertas-three-major-universities-announce-covid-19-vaccine-and/.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- University of Ottawa (2021, September 8). Policy 129. https://www.uottawa.ca/about-us/policies-regulations/policy-129-covid-19-vaccination .Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Wyton, Moira. (2021, August 6). Rising concerns about UBC’s COVID reopening plans. The Tyee. https://thetyee.ca/News/2021/08/06/Rising-Concerns-UBC-COVID-Reopening-Plans/.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Zandbergen, Rebecca. (2021, August 4). Some Western profs threaten to withdraw from the classroom if the university doesn't make vaccines mandatory. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/london/some-western-profs-threaten-to-withdraw-from-the-classroom-if-the-university-doesn-t-make-vaccines-mandatory-1.6127750.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
