Abstracts
Résumé
Dans cet article, nous proposons un développement théorique sur le concept de découplage, qui s’avère utile pour analyser les relations industrielles. Beaucoup d’auteurs définissent le découplage comme un processus de réponses des organisations aux pressions institutionnelles. Si le découplage « politique-pratique » décrit par Bromley et Powell (2012) rejoint le cas de figure décrit par Meyer et Rowan (1977), où le choix est intentionnel, associé à un simulacre d’évaluation, le découplage « moyens-fins » rappelle les situations décrites par Reynaud. Dans ce cas, les dirigeants ont l’intention d’appliquer les normes institutionnelles, qu’ils ont reproduites sous forme de procédures, mais échouent à les appliquer sous la pression des opérationnels. Pour autant, la TNI n’explique par le processus sous-jacent au découplage en négligeant la dimension politique dans la production de normes et de règles, ce que la TRS permet à travers le concept de régulation sociale. En quoi le découplage dans les organisations est-il une forme de régulation sociale ? Nous faisons tout d’abord un état de l’art sur le concept de découplage, en particulier les travaux de chercheurs de la TNI inscrits dans une approche épistémologique du constructivisme social, en précisant leurs lacunes. Nous montrons ensuite que la TRS, compatible en partie avec cette dernière approche, apporte une lecture qui rompt avec une analyse multiniveau en considérant les processus de production de règles de tous les groupes sociaux sans les hiérarchiser. Nous montrons que la TRS appréhende ce phénomène comme une forme de régulations disjointes en distinguant trois catégories selon l’existence de négociation et d’accord :
- Les régulations disjointes « d’évitement » expliquent le découplage « politique-pratique », où la direction a connaissance de l’écart entre ses normes institutionnelles et les règles des opérateurs et fait le choix d’éviter la confrontation.
- Les régulations disjointes « conflictuelles » expliquent le découplage « moyens-fins » avec un alignement des structures voulu par la direction, contrariée par le pouvoir des professionnels.
- Les régulations disjointes « de méconnaissance » expliquent le découplage provoqué par une absence de connaissance des règles autonomes par la direction. Les équipes d’opérateurs peuvent aussi ignorer la règle de contrôle.
Ces formes de disjonction entre les espaces sociaux (institutions, sommet stratégique, groupes d’opérateurs) expliquent les différents types de découplages à l’oeuvre dans un secteur économique, ouvrant des pistes de recherches stimulantes pour le futur.
Mots-clés :
- Découplages,
- Théorie néo-institutionnelle,
- Régulations sociales
Abstract
In this article, we propose a theoretical development of the concept of decoupling, which is useful for analysing industrial relations. Many authors define decoupling as a process of organisational responses to institutional pressures. While the 'policy-practice' decoupling described by Bromley and Powell (2012) is similar to the case described by Meyer and Rowan (1977), where the choice is intentional, associated with a simulacrum of evaluation, the 'means-ends' decoupling is reminiscent of the situations described by Reynaud. In this case, managers intend to apply institutional standards, which they have reproduced in the form of procedures, but fail to apply them under pressure from operational staff. What can SRT contribute to the analysis of decoupling? We begin by reviewing the state of the art on the concept of decoupling, and in particular the work of TNI researchers taking an epistemological approach based on social constructivism. We then show that SRT, which is partly compatible with this latter approach, provides an interpretation that breaks with a multi-level analysis by considering the rule production processes of all social groups without ranking them. We show that TRS understands this phenomenon as a form of disjointed regulation, distinguishing three categories according to the nature of the negotiations:
- Disjointed 'avoidance' regulations explain the 'policy-practice' decoupling, where management is aware of the gap between its institutional norms and operators' rules and chooses to avoid confrontation.
- Conflictual" disjointed regulations explain the "means-ends" decoupling, with an alignment of structures desired by management but thwarted by the power of professionals.
- Ignorance" disjointed regulations explain the decoupling caused by management's ignorance of autonomous rules. Teams of operators may also be unaware of the control rule.
Keywords:
- Decoupling,
- Neo-institutional theory,
- Social regulation
Appendices
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