Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article interprète les nombreuses données empiriques sur la croissance, puis la stagnation des « modes de flexibilité » à l’aide de la théorie du procès de travail, en particulier en ce qui concerne le contrôle et la résistance. Dans un « cycle de risque », la direction saisit d’abord une occasion de réduire les coûts en transférant le risque du capital au travail par le biais d’un certain mode de flexibilité. Le mode choisi est de plus en plus utilisé jusqu’à ce que l’expansion soit bloquée par la nécessité de vaincre la résistance, d’obtenir le consentement et/ou d’exercer un contrôle. La direction cherche alors un nouveau mode. Le cycle de risque est cohérent avec les données de l’OCDE sur l’« emploi temporaire » et les données australiennes sur l’« emploi occasionnel ». Les implications pour l’économie à la demande et l’avenir du travail sont abordées.
Sommaire
Pour comprendre l’avenir du travail, nous devons intégrer deux aspects de la théorie et de la recherche en matière de relations industrielles : 1) les enquêtes empiriques approfondies sur la croissance de la précarité de l’emploi; et 2) le rôle du contrôle et de la résistance dans la théorie du procès de travail.
Le « cycle du risque » est au coeur de cette intégration. Dans un « cycle de risque », la direction saisit d’abord une occasion de réduire les coûts en transférant le risque du capital au travail par le biais d’un certain « mode de flexibilité ». Le mode choisi est de plus en plus utilisé jusqu’à ce que l’expansion soit bloquée par la nécessité de vaincre la résistance, d’obtenir le consentement et/ou d’exercer un contrôle. Alors que la volonté de transférer les risques et de réduire les coûts est toujours présente, le succès de la direction est variable. Lorsque chaque mode atteint sa limite, la direction recherche un nouveau mode, qui peut être une version modernisée d’un ancien mode.
Cet article examine les tendances internationales en matière d’emploi temporaire. Selon les données de l’OCDE, le taux d’emploi temporaire n’augmente pas inexorablement. Au contraire, dans la plupart des pays, il atteint un sommet puis diminue, ou présente d’autres caractéristiques plus complexes. Dans la majorité des pays de l’OCDE, il a culminé bien avant la fin des années 2010, le niveau le plus élevé étant le plus souvent atteint en 2011. Les modèles de cycles de risques varient d’une industrie à l’autre et d’une entreprise à l’autre reflétant les circonstances spécifiques de chaque situation.
En Australie, une autre mesure, l’emploi occasionnel, a augmenté au cours des années 1980 et 1990, puis s’est stabilisée à partir du début des années 2000. La précarisation a suivi des trajectoires très différentes pour les travailleurs à temps plein et à temps partiel, ce qui reflète les pratiques des employeurs dans les différents secteurs.
L’avenir du travail peut être analysé sous cet angle. L’économie à la demande basée sur les applications a permis de réduire les coûts pour les entreprises - de nombreuses personnes se définissant comme des entrepreneurs indépendants - et d’exercer un meilleur contrôle grâce aux applications. Toutefois, elle se heurte à la résistance des travailleurs et de l’État, et le problème du contrôle n’a pas été entièrement résolu. Si la technologie des applications peut déplacer la frontière du contrôle, il est peu probable que la relation contractuelle commerciale en vienne à dominer la relation d’emploi.
Mots-clés :
- cycle du risque,
- emploi temporaire,
- emploi occasionnel,
- contrôle,
- résistance,
- précarité,
- flexibilité
Appendices
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