Comprendre les conflits liés à la réglementation du travail sur plateforme numérique : une revue critique de la littérature sur le rôle des institutions, des réseaux et des cadres cognitifs dans l’élaboration des politiques

Martin-Caballero, Angel

doi:https://doi.org/10.7202/1111507ar

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Understanding Conflict over Regulation of Platform Work: a Critical Literature Review on the Role of Institutions, Networks and Frames in Policy-Making

Risk Cycles, Capitalism and the Future of Work

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Précis

La croissance du travail sur plateforme numérique a perturbé et réorganisé la réglementation sur l’emploi. La littérature a abordé ce sujet sous différents angles, mais souvent de manière fragmentée et sans expliquer clairement pourquoi et comment les conflits sur le plan réglementaire à propos du travail sur plateforme numérique surviennent. En utilisant le cadre de Beckert (2010) pour étudier la manière dont les domaines changent, l’auteur a effectué une revue critique de la littérature sur : 1) les rôles des institutions, des réseaux et des cadres dans la réglementation du travail sur plateforme numérique; 2) le pouvoir de réglementation que ces structures confèrent aux acteurs et aux organisations; et 3) les interrelations possibles entre ces structures. Les résultats démontrent l’existence d’une littérature abondante sur la portée de la réglementation institutionnelle et le pouvoir réglementaire des réseaux, mais beaucoup moins sur le rôle plus large de l’État dans ce domaine et les cadres qui guident les préférences des acteurs en matière de réglementation. Les axes de la recherche à réaliser dans le futur sont abordés.

Résumé

Dans cet article, une analyse critique de la littérature identifie les acteurs et organisations étatiques et non étatiques qui influencent et créent le conflit réglementaire sur le travail sur plateforme numérique ainsi que les ressources qui leur permettent d’intervenir.

C’est en analysant les différentes formes d’intégration qui interagissent et façonnent le processus réglementaire que ces questions sont abordées. En s’inspirant du cadre proposé par Beckert (2010) pour expliquer les changements dans les domaines du marché du travail, cette revue de la littérature identifie trois dimensions de la recherche qui soulignent les rôles respectifs des institutions, des réseaux sociaux et des cadres cognitifs. Elle examine également dans quelle mesure la littérature abordant le travail sur plateforme numérique a développé une perspective intégrée sur la réglementation et comment le domaine des relations industrielles peut bénéficier de l’incorporation de différentes dimensions de la recherche.

La recherche documentaire a été effectuée à l’aide des principales bases de données disponibles et a été regroupée selon les trois dimensions principales du cadre. L’article comprend également des rapports politiques influents et la littérature grise du domaine d’étude. Au total, 149 documents ont fait l’objet d’un examen approfondi.

La littérature s’est principalement concentrée sur la portée et l’applicabilité des cadres réglementaires existants en matière de travail et sur le rôle de plus en plus important des litiges stratégiques. Le pouvoir réglementaire des entreprises de plateformes et les nouvelles formes de gouvernance ont également fait l’objet d’un remarquable volet de recherche. Beaucoup moins de recherches critiques ont été effectuées sur le rôle de l’État dans l’expansion de l’économie à la demande et sur la manière dont les différents acteurs légitiment le processus de réglementation.

Cet article applique un cadre tridimensionnel à la littérature pour faciliter le dialogue sur trois structures sociales qui influencent la réglementation du travail sur plateforme numérique; l’objectif étant d’expliquer l’émergence du conflit réglementaire dans ce domaine. Ce cadre englobe à la fois les formes officielles et informelles de réglementation, ce qui le rend utile pour la littérature sur les relations industrielles.

Mots-clés :

travail sur plateforme numérique,
réglementation,
conflit réglementaire,
revue critique de la littérature

Appendices

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